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Древняя ДНК

• DNA from the European Neolithic
   
• DNA from the Near Eastern Neolithic
  
• Mesolithic Western Eurasian DNA


• Palaeolithic DNA from Eurasia
  
• Образцы mtDNA палеолита
  
• Образцы mtDNA мезолита


• Образцы Y-DNA и mtDNA неолита и халколита
  
• Образцы Y-DNA и mtDNA бронзового века


• Образцы mtDNA железного века
  
• Ancient Western Eurasian DNA of the Copper and Bronze Ages


• Iron Age DNA from Europe and West Asia
  
• Ancient DNA from North Africa and the Canary Islands


• Ancient DNA from the Silk Road
  
• Ancient DNA of the Xiongnu, Hsiung-nu or Huns
  
• Ancient Jewish DNA


• Ancient Roman DNA
  
• Medieval and Modern European and West Asian DNA
  
• Royal DNA of Europe


• Ancient DNA related to traits and diseases (Lactase persistence; HIV resistence; Pigmentation)
  
• Famous DNA

Mesolithic Western Eurasian DNA Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroups extracted from prehistoric hunter-gathers after the Last Glacial Maximum in Europe and related remains in Asia, arranged chronologically. Pitted Ware sites are classed as Mesolithic here, because of their hunter-gatherer economy, though they fall within the Neolithic period.
Culture	Country	Site and/or Individual	Sex	Date	Y-DNA		mtDNA		Source
		pigment. from genes		usually approx.	Haplogroup	Additional information	Haplogroup	Additional information
	England, UK	Gough's Cave, Cheddar [Not Cheddar Man]		12,700 BC			Unreliable	CRS. Contamination likely.	Sykes 2000; Jacobi 2009 for dating
	Italy	Villabruna, Trentino-South Tyrol		12,267-11,831 BC			?	16261, 16274	Di Benedetto 2000
	Portugal						Unreliable	16336, reported as H. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable ; U5b1c1?	16311, 16336, reported as H. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable; V10a?	16222, 16261, 16311, reported as H. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable; U4/H1b?	2 samples 16189, 16356, 16362, reported as H. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable; N5?	16073, 16111, 16223, reported as N*. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable; N1b?	16073, 16223, 16390, reported as N*. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable; U4	16073, 16189, 16356, 16362, reported as U*	Chandler 2005
	Portugal						Unreliable; U5b1c2	16073, 16174, 16189, 16192, 16270, 16311, reported as U5. Museum bones, contamination likely.	Chandler 2005
	Germany	Blätterhöhle, Hagen [BLA 3]		9210 ± 29 BC			U2e	16129C, 16189C, 16362C, 16391A	Bollongino 2013
	Germany	Blätterhöhle [BLA 6]		8796 ± 90 BC			U5b2a2	16172C, 16189C, 16270T, 16398A	Bollongino 2013
	Germany	Blätterhöhle [BLA 2]		8748 ± 67 BC			U/K	12308G	Bollongino 2013
	Germany	Blätterhöhle [BLA 20]		8652 ± 58 BC			U5a2c3*	73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 3197C, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 9477A, 10619T, 11465C, 11467G, 11719A, 12308G, 12372A, 13617C, 14766T, 14793G, 15326G, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16526A, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T	Bollongino 2013
	Germany	Blätterhöhle [BLA 19]		8638 ± 56 BC			U5a	16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16294T 12308G 14798T	Bollongino 2013
	England, UK	Gough's Cave, Cheddar [Cheddar Man]	M	8000 BC			Unreliable; U5	16192T, 16270T, reported as U5a. Never properly published. Contamination likely. Due to be re-tested.	ISOGG; personal communication Chris Stringer.
	Russia	Chekalino	?	7800 BC			U5a	16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16294T, +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
	Russia	Lebyazhinka [IV a]	M	8000-7000 BC			U5a1	16192T, 16241C, 16256T, 16270T, 16399G; +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
	Germany	Falkensteiner Höhle	M	7200 BC			U5b2	12372A, 14766T, 14793A, 161721T, 167028T	Bramanti 2009
	Portugal	Toledo, Lourinha [K-13]		7200-6800 BC			R?	16223T	Fernández 2005
	Sweden	Stora Förvar cave, Stora Karlsö Island [SfF11]	M	7500-7250 cal. B.P			U5a1		Skoglund 2014
	Sweden	Stora Förvar cave, Stora Karlsö Island		6,873 ± 119 cal BC			U4b1		Skoglund 2013
	Germany	Bad Dürrenberg [2]	F	6850 BC			U4	16356C, +12308 HinfI, +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
	Italy	Grotta d’Oriente, Favignana, Ègadi Islands, Sicily [Oriente B]		8,740-8,390 cal BP			HV1? or U5b3d?	16067T. Reported as HV1, but HVR-1 only tested. 16067T also appears in U5b3d.	Mannino 2012
	Germany	Hohlenstein-Stadel [5830a]	M	6700 BC			U5a2a	1721C, 7028T, 12372A, 14766T, 14793G, 16114A, 16192T, 16256T, 16294T, 16311C	Bramanti 2009; Brandt 2013 (updated haplogroup)
	Germany	Hohlenstein-Stadel [5830b]	F	6700 BC			U5b2	1721T, 7028T, 12372A, 14766T, 14793A, 16192T, 16270T	Bramanti 2009
Kunda Culture	Lithuania	Spiginas [4]	F	6350 BC			U4	16356C, +12308 HinfI, +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
Kunda Culture?	Lithuania	Donkalnis [1]	F				U5b	16192T, 16270T, +12308 HinfI, 14793A	Bramanti 2009; Brandt 2013 (updated haplogroup)
	Luxembourg	Loschbour, Heffingen [LSB 1] dark hair, 50% probability of blue eyes, darker skin than Neolithic sample	M	6220-5990 BC	I2a1	L178+, M423+, P37.2+, L460+, M438+, L68+, P38+, M170+, M359.2-, L161.1-, L621- reported as I2a1b*	U5b1a	T16189C!, A6701G (reported as U5a by Delsate)	Fu 2013; Delsate 2009; Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
Kitoi	Russia	Lokomotiv cemetery, Irkutsk		6125–4885 BC			A	2 samples 16223T, 16290T, 16319A	Mooder 2006
Kitoi	Russia	Lokomotiv, Irkutsk		6125–4885 BC			C	16223T, 16298C, 16327T	Mooder 2006
Kitoi	Russia	Lokomotiv, Irkutsk		6125–4885 BC			D	2 samples 16223T	Mooder 2006
Kitoi	Russia	Lokomotiv, Irkutsk		6125–4885 BC			F	2 samples 16232A, 16249C, 16304C, 16311C	Mooder 2006
Kitoi	Russia	Lokomotiv, Irkutsk		6125–4885 BC			G2a	16223T, 16227G, 16278T	Mooder 2006
Kitoi	Russia	Lokomotiv, Irkutsk		6125–4885 BC			U5a	2 samples 16256T, 16270T	Mooder 2006
	Croatia	Vela Spila/Island Korčula	M	6080-6020 BC			U5b2a5	16270C 16311C A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A C16270T T16278C	Szécsényi-Nagy 2014
	Poland	Janisławice		6000 BC			U5b1b	16189C 16270T	Stanaszek 2013
	Spain	La Braña-Arintero, Leon [La Braña 2]	M	7960-7750 cal BP = 5960-5750 BC			U5b2c1	As La Braña 1	Sanchez-Quinto 2012
	Spain	La Braña-Arintero, Leon [La Braña 1] dark hair, probability of blue eyes, darker skin than Neolithic sample	M	7940-7690 cal BP = 5940-5690 BC	C1a2	M130, M216, P255, P260, V183, V199, V232, V20 Reported as C6 (nomenclature up to 24 Jan 2014)	U5b2c1	150T, 723G, 960.1C. 1721T, 3197C, 6920A, 7768G, 9477A, 12372A, 13017G, 13434G, 13617C, 13637G, 14182C, 16192T, 16270T	Sanchez-Quinto 2012; Olalde 2014
	Sweden	Motala [1]	F	5898-5531 BC			U5a1	G5460A	Lazaridis 2013
	Sweden	Motala [2]	M	5898-5531 BC	I2c2	PF3827+, L597+, P38+, U179+ , L41+, M253-, L37-	U2e1	C16527T	Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
	Sweden	Motola [3]	M	5898-5531 BC	I2a1b*	M423+, L68+, M258+, U179+, L181-, L417-	U5a1	G5460A, A9389G	Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
	Sweden	Motala [4]	F	5898-5531 BC			U5a2d	A13158G	Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
	Sweden	Motala [6]	M	5898-5531 BC	I2a1*	P37.2+, L55+, L232-, L159.1-	U5a2d	C152T!, G6480A	Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
	Sweden	Motala [9]	M	5898-5531 BC	I2a1a1a*	L672+, P38+, P40-, Z118-	U5a2	G228A, G1888A, A2246G, C3756T, G6917A, A9531G	Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
	Sweden	Motala [12]	M	5898-5531 BC	I2a1b	L147.2+, L178+, M423+, L178+, M423+, P37.2+, L460+, L68+, M170+, M258+, U179+, M359.2-, L621-	U2e1	C16527T	Lazaridis 2013; Haak 2015
	Russia	Sok River, Samara [SVP44/I0124]	M	5650-5555 BC	R1b1a	M343+, L278+, [P297 equivalent PF6513+], M478-, [M478 equivalent Y13872+, Y13866- (The presence of positive and negative markers in the M478 node can reflect an intermediate stage of its formation.)], M478-, M269-	U5a1d	C146T, C152T, C195T, A247G, A249d, 290-291d, T489C, A769G, A825t, A1018G, A2758G, C2885T, T3552a, T3594C, G4104A, T4312C, A4715G, G7146A, C7196a, T7256C, A7521G, T8468C, A8577G, G8584A, T8655C, A9545G, C10400T, T10664C, A10688G, C10810T, C10915T, A11605t, A12217G, G13105A, A13263G, G13276A, T13506C, T13650C, T14318C, T14783C, G15043A, G15301A, A15487t, A16129G, T16187C, G16230A, T16278C, T16298C, C16311T, T16325C, C16327T, C16519T, A8577G, A11605t, A12217G, T16189C!	Haak 2015; Sergey Malyshev
	Russia	Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov [UZOO 43 and 45]		7500 BP			U2e	2 samples 16129C, 16189C, 16362C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov [UZOO 16 and 40]		7500 BP			U4	2 samples 16093C, 16356C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov [UZOO 70]		7500 BP			U5a	19192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16318G	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov [UZOO 77]		7500 BP			H?	16235G, 16311C, 16362C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov [UZOO 7 and 8 ]		7500 BP			C1g	Reported as C1f in Der Sarkissian 2014. 2 samples C146T, C152T, T182C!, C195T, G247A!, A249d, 290–291d, T489C, 522.AC, A769G, A825t, A1018G, A2758G, C2885T, T3552a, T3594C, G4104A, T4312C, A4715G, G7146A, C7196a, T7256C, A7521G, T8468C, A8577G, G8584A, T8655C, A9545G, C10400T, T10664C, A10688G, C10810T, C10915T, A11605t, G11914A!, A12217G, G13105A, A13263G, G13276A, T13506C, T13650C, T14318C, T14783C, G15043A, G15301A, A15487t, A16129G, A16183c, T16187C, T16189C!, G16230A, T16278C, T16298C, C16311T, T16325C, C16327T, C16519T	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013; Der Sarkissian 2014; Haak 2015
	Russia	Yuzhnyy Oleni Ostrov [UZOO 74]	M	5500-5000 BC	R1a1*	M459+, Page65.2+, M515-, M198-, M512-, M514-, L449-	C1g	Reported as C1f in Der Sarkissian 2014. C146T, C152T, T182C!, C195T, G247A!, A249d, 290–291d, T489C, 522.AC, A769G, A825t, A1018G, A2758G, C2885T, T3552a, T3594C, G4104A, T4312C, A4715G, G7146A, C7196a, T7256C, A7521G, T8468C, A8577G, G8584A, T8655C, A9545G, C10400T, T10664C, A10688G, C10810T, C10915T, A11605t, G11914A!, A12217G, G13105A, A13263G, G13276A, T13506C, T13650C, T14318C, T14783C, G15043A, G15301A, A15487t, A16129G, A16183c, T16187C, T16189C!, G16230A, T16278C, T16298C, C16311T, T16325C, C16327T, C16519T	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013; Der Sarkissian 2014; Haak 2015
	Russia	Popova [Po 4]		7000 BP			U4	16356C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Popova [Po 2]		7000 BP			U4	16093C, 16356C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Spain	La Chora (Cantabria) [CH-1]		5346 ± 90 BC Date from Strauss 2002			?	73G, 16093, 16362, reported as H6	Hervella 2012
	Spain	Cingle del Mas Nou, Castellon		5000 BC			U5	2 samples 16270T	Olaria 2011
	Spain	Aizpea, Navarre [AIZ-1]		4600 +/- 65 BC			U5b1	16051, 16093, 16189, 16192, 1270	Hervella 2012
Narva Culture	Lithuania	Kretuonas [3]	M	4450 BC			U5b	16192T, 16270T, +12308 HinfI, 14793A	Bramanti 2009; Brandt 2013
Narva Culture	Lithuania	Kretuonas [1]	F	4200 BC			U5b	16192T, 16270T, +12308 HinfI, 14793A	Bramanti 2009; Brandt 2013
Zedmar culture?	Poland	Dudka [2]	?	3650 BC			U5b	16189C, 16270T, +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009; Brandt 2013
Zedmar Culture	Poland	Dudka [3]	?	4000-3000 BC			U5b	16189C, 16265G, 16270T, +12308 HinfI, +7028 AluI	Bramanti 2009
	Russia	Serteya (Smolenskaya oblast) VIII [А3]	M	4000 BC	R1a1		?	16132T, 16163T, 16166G, 16256T. Reported as H	Chekunova 2014
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Kopingsvik, Oland [GE 33 (KOP 29)]		3200–2850 BC			T2b	16126C 16294 T 16296T 16304C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Kopingsvik [GE 44 (KOP 32)]		3200-2850 BC			H1f	16093C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Kopingsvik [GE 44 (KOP 32)]		3200-2850 BC			K1a1	16093C 16224C 16311C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Kopingsvik [GE 44 (KOP 32)]		3200-2850 BC			U4a1	16134T	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 4]		3000-2400 BC			U4	16093C 16356C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp, Västerhejde, Gotland [Fri 24]		3000-2400 BC			U4	16093C 16356C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 4, 5]		3000-2400BC			U4	2 samples 16356C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 29B]		3000-2400 BC			HV0	16298C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Visby, Gotland [Vis 30B]		3000-2400 BC			U5b1	16189C 16192 T 16270T 16362C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp [Fri 28]		3000-2400 BC			K1a1	16093C 16224C 16311C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Visby [Vis 32]		3000-2400 BC			U5a	16192T 16256 T 16270T	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Visby [Vis 7B]		3000-2400 BC			K1a1	16093C 16224C 16311C	Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden			3000-2400 BC					Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 14, 19]		2800-2000 BC			H/R	2 samples A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 13]		2800-2000 BC			U4	A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A C16260T T16278C C16311T T16356C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 52b, 66]		2800-2000 BC			U4	2 samples T16093C A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C C16311T T16356C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 70]	M	2800-2000 BC			U4	T16093C A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C C16311T T16356C	Malmstrom 2009; Skoglund 2012; Brandt 2013; Skoglund 2014
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 54 ]		2800-2000 BC			U5b	A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A C16270T T16278C C16311T	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 36]		2800-2000 BC			U5b2b1a	A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A C16270T T16278C C16311T T16362C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; ; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 5, 29]		2800-2000 BC			U5a1a'g	2 samples A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A C16256T C16270T T16278C C16311T	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 52A]	M	2800-2000 BC			HV0	A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C T16298C C16311T	Malmstrom 2009; Skoglund 2012; Brandt 2013; Skoglund 2014; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 53]	F	2800-2000 BC			U4d		Skoglund 2014
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 58]	M	2800-2000 BC	I2a1	M429+, P126+, P129+, L460+, P37.2+	U4d		Skoglund 2014
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ajvide [Ajv 59]	M	2800-2000 BC			U		Skoglund 2014
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp, Västerhejde, Gotland [Fri 15, 22]		2800-2000 BC			U4	2 samples A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C C16311T T16356C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp [Fri 4]		2800-2000 BC			U5b	A16129G, T16187C, C16189T, T16223C, G16230A, C16270T, T16278C, C16311T,	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Fridtorp [Fri 27]		2800-2000 BC			U5a1a'g	A16129G, T16187C, C16189T, T16223C, G16230A, C16256T, C16270T, T16278C, C16311T	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 8]	M	2800-2000 BC			U4d	T629C A769G A825t A1018G C1224T C1226T G1315A A1811G G2174A G2182A G2185A A2758G C2885T T3594C G4104A G4153A C4189T T4312C C5211T C5974T T5999C A6047G G6075A C6181T G6755A G6993A G7146A T7256C C7412T C7427T A7521G C7974T C7978T C8351T C8375T T8468C T8655C G8701A G8860A G8998A G9192A C9540T C10088T C10213T G10398A T10664C A10688G C10810T C10873T C10915T C11332T A11337G A11467G A11914G A12308G G12372A T12705C G13105A G13276A T13506C T13650C C13860T C14620T C15049T T15693C T16093C A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C C16311T T16356C	Malmstrom 2009; Skoglund 2012; Brandt 2013; Skoglund 2014; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 6B]		2800-2000 BC			T2b	T16126C A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C C16294T C16296T T16304C C16311T	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 9]		2800-2000 BC			K1a	T16093C A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C T16224C G16230A C16242T T16278C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; Malmstrom 2015
Pitted Ware	Sweden	Ire, Hangvar, Gotland [Ire 3]		2800-2000 BC			U4	A16129G T16187C C16189T T16223C G16230A T16278C C16311T T16356C	Malmstrom 2009; Brandt 2013; ; Malmstrom 2015
	Poland	Drestwo [2]	M	2250 BC			U5a	16192T, 16256T, 16270T, +12308 HinfI	Bramanti 2009
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 49-3, 57-1]		3500 BP			U4a1	2 samples 16093C, 16129A, 16311C, 16356C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 49-1, 72-11]		3500 BP			U5a	2 samples 16192T, 16256T, 16270T	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 72-9, 72-10, 72-14, 78-8]		3500 BP			U5a1	4 samples 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16399G	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 72-4]		3500 BP			T*	16093C, 16126C, 16294T	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 49-2, 49-4, 57-3, 72-2, 72-7, 72-12]		3500 BP			C*	6 samples 16223T, 16298C, 16327C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 72-5, 72-6]		3500 BP			C5	2 samples 16148T, 16223T, 16288C, 16298C, 16311C, 16327C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 49-6, 72-13, 72-15]		3500 BP			D*	3 samples 16223T, 16362C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 49-5, 72-3]		3500 BP			Z1a	2 samples 16129A, 16185T, 16223T, 16224C, 16260T, 16298C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013
	Russia	Bolshoy Oleni Ostrov [BOO 72-1]		3500 BP			Z1a	16129A, 16155G, 16185T, 16223T, 16224C, 16260T, 16298C	Der Sarkissian 2011; Der Sarkissian 2013