| Ancient DNA related to traits and diseases (Lactase persistence; HIV resistence; Pigmentation)
Alleles of -13910 (Gene: MCM6, Chromosome: 2, SNP : rs4988235) in ancient DNA. Each person has two alleles, each either C or T. T is associated with lactase persistence. (For those with 23andMe raw data: A is associated with lactase persistence.) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economy | Culture | Location | Date | No. studied | C | T | Source |
| Hunter-gatherer | Loschbour, Luxembourg | 6220-5990 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Lazaridis 2013 | |
| Hunter-gatherer | La Braña-Arintero, Spain | 5940-5690 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Olalde 2014 | |
| Farming | Körös | Szarvas, Hungary | 5840–5630 BC | 3 | 6 | 0 | Burger 2007 |
| Farming | Körös | 2 sites, Hungary | c. 5700 BC | 2 | 4 | 0 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | Narva | Kretuonas, Lithuania | 5580-5350 BC | 2 | 4 | 0 | Burger 2007 |
| Farming | LBK | Derenburg, Germany | 5500–5000 BC | 3 | 6 | 0 | Burger 2007 |
| Farming | Cardial | Spain | 5470-5360 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Olalde 2015 |
| Farming | LBK | Apc-Berekalja I, Hungary | 5300-4950 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | ALP | 3 sites, Hungary | c. 5100 BC | 3 | 6 | 0 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | LBK | Stuttgart-Mühlhausen | 5100-4800 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Lazaridis 2013 |
| Farming | Lengyel | Apc-Berekalja I, Hungary | 4490-4360 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | Lengyel | Osłonki and Konary, Poland | 4300-4000 BC | 3 | 6 | 0 | Witas 2015 |
| Pastoralist | Ötztal Alps | 3300 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Keller 2012 | |
| Farming | TRB | Sweden | 3300-2500 BC | 4 | 4-6 | 2-4 | Reported as 13910T found in 50% of farmer samples. Malmstrom 2007 |
| Pastoralists | Yamnaya | Samara region, Russia | 3300-2700 BC | 9 | 18 | 0 | Mathieson 2015 |
| Farming | Treilles | Treilles, France | 3000 BC | 26 | 52 | 0 | Lacan 2011 |
| Farming | San Juan Ante Portam Latinam, Spain | 3000 BC | 19 | 28 | 10 | Plantinga 2012 | |
| Farming | Baden | Apc-Berekalja I, Hungary | 2900-2700 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | Globular Amphora | Kowal, Poland | 2850-2570 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Kozlowski 2014 |
| Hunter-gatherer | Pitted ware | Gotland, Sweden | 2800-2200 BC | 10 | 19 | 1 | Malmstrom 2010 |
| Farming | Early Bronze | Terqa, Syria | 2650–2450 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Witas 2013 |
| Farming | Longar, Spain | 2500 BC | 7 | 12 | 2 | Plantinga 2012 | |
| Farming | Bell Beaker | Quedlinburg, Germany | 2340-2190 BC | 1 | 0-1 | 1-2 | Mathieson 2015 |
| Hunter-gatherer | Zedmar | Drestwo, Poland | 2267 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Burger 2007 |
| Farming | Early Bronze | Terqa, Syria | 2200–1900 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Witas 2013 |
| Farming | Mako | Apc-Berekalja I, Hungary | 2190-1980 BC | 1 | 2 | 0 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | El Portalón de Cueva Mayor, Spain | 1735 BC | 8 | 16 | 0 | Sverrisdóttir 2014 | |
| Farming | Kyjatice | Ludas-Varjudulo, Hungary | 1270-1110 BC | 1 | 1 | 1 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | Urnfield | Lichtenstein Cave, Germany | 1000 BC | 13 | 19 | 7 | Schilz 2006 |
| Farming | Pre-Scythian Mezocsat | Ludas-Varjudulo, Hungary | 980-830 BC | 1 | 1 | 1 | Gamba 2014 |
| Farming | Hallstatt | Gzin, Pędzewo and Grodno, Poland | 800-600 BC | 8 | 13 | 3 | Witas 2015 |
| Farming | Roman | Tell Masaikh, Syria | 200–300 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Witas 2013 |
| Farming | Wielbark | Linowo and Rogowo, Poland | 200–300 AD | 31 | 33 | 29 | Witas 2015 |
| Farming | Merovingian | Eltville, Germany | 400–600 AD | 1 | 1 | 1 | Burger 2007 |
| Farming | Roman | Tell Masaikh, Syria | 500–700 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Witas 2013 |
| Csekej, Slovakia | 900-1000 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 | ||
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Besenyőtelek- Szőrhát, Hungary | 900-1000 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Eger- Szépasszonyvölgy, Hungary | 900-1000 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Harta- Freifelt, Hungary | 900-1000 AD | 3 | 6 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Orosháza- Görbics, Hungary | 900-1000 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralists | Magyar | Kolozsvár, Romania | 900-1000 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Sárrétudvar- Hízóföld, Hungary | 950 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Szabadkígyós- Pálliget, Hungary | 950 AD | 2 | 4 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Medieval commoner | Magyarhomoróg, Hungary | 950 AD | 4 | 5 | 3 | Nagy 2011 | |
| Medieval | Dalheim, Germany | 950– 1200 AD | 18 | 18 | 18 | Kruttli 2014 | |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Aldebrő-Mocsáros, Hungary | 1000 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Pastoralist | Magyar | Őrménykút, Hungary | 1000 AD | 2 | 4 | 0 | Nagy 2011 |
| Medieval commoner | Fadd-Jegeshegy, Hungary | 1000 AD | 2 | 4 | 0 | Nagy 2011 | |
| Medieval commoner | Szegvár-Oromdűlő, Hungary | 1000-1250 AD | 2 | 2 | 2 | Nagy 2011 | |
| Medieval commoner | Zalavár-Kápolna, Hungary | 1000-1200 AD | 1 | 2 | 0 | Nagy 2011 | |
| Medieval | Cedynia and Sródka, Poland | 1000-1200 AD | 49 | 76 | 22 | Witas 2015 | |
| Medieval royal | Birger Magnusson, Sweden | d. 1266 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Malmstrom 2011 | |
| Medieval royal | Erik, son of Birger, Sweden | d. 1275 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Malmstrom 2011 | |
| Medieval royal | Mechtild of Holstein, Sweden | d. 1288 | 1 | 0 | 2 | Malmstrom 2011 | |
| Medieval | Gruczno and Stary Brześć Kujawski-4, Poland | 1400 AD | 25 | 21 | 29 | Witas 2015 | |
| Distribution of CCR5-D32 (associated with HIV resistance) in historic and prehistoric European populations | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | Place | Date | No. studied | CCR5-D32 | Allele frequency (%) | Source | ||
| No/No | No/Yes | Yes/Yes | ||||||
| Sweden | Skateholm | 5250-4900 BC | 1 | Liden 2006 | ||||
| Sweden | Visby | 3000-2500 BC | 3 | Liden 2006 | ||||
| Sweden | Ire | 3028-2141 BC | 2 | 2 | Liden 2006 | |||
| Sweden | Rossberger | 3506-2143 BC | 3 | 2 | Liden 2006 | |||
| Sweden | Hjelmars ror | 3350- 2700 BC | 5 | Liden 2006 | ||||
| Sweden | Dragby | 2290- 1690 BC | 5 | 1 | Liden 2006 | |||
| Germany | Lichtenstein cave | 900 BC | 17 | 13 | 4 | 11.8 | Hummel 2005 | |
| Poland | Dziekanowice | 1000-1200 AD | 34 | 31 | 3 | 4.40 | Zawicki 2008 | |
| Poland | Daniłowo | 1000-1300 AD | 3 | 3 | Zawicki 2008 | |||
| Poland | Stary, Brzesc Kujawski 4 | 1100-1400 AD | 37 | 34 | 2 | 1 | 5.41 | Zawicki 2008 |
| Poland | Cedynia | 1100-1400 AD | 9 | 8 | 1 | Zawicki 2008 | ||
| Poland | Gdansk | 1300-1400 AD | 5 | 5 | 1 | Zawicki 2008 | ||
| Germany | Lubeck: famine mass grave | 1316 AD | 20 | 15 | 5 | 12.5 | Hummel 2005 | |
| Germany | Lubeck: Black Death mass grave | 1350 | 14 | 10 | 4 | 14.2 | Hummel 2005 | |
| Germany | Goslar | 1750–1810 | 19 | 12 | 7 | 18.4 | Hummel 2005 | |
| Italy | Alia, Sicily | 1837 | 19 | 18 | 1 | 2.6 | Hummel 2005 | |
| Using alleles predictive of pigmentation to predict phenotype from ancient DNA. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Economy | Culture | Location | Date | Sample | DNA | Skin | Hair | Eyes | Source | |
| gene | a = ancestral d = derived |
|||||||||
| Hunter-gatherer | Palaeolithic | Mal'ta, Siberia, Russia | 24,000 BP | MA-1 | SLC24A5 | a | dark | dark brown | brown | Raghavan 2013 |
| Hunter-gatherer | Mesolithic | Loschbour, Heffingen, Luxembourg | 6220-5990 BC | LSB 1 | SLC24A5 HERC2 | a (2) d (2) | darker than Neolithic | dark brown / black | blue | Lazaridis 2013 |
| Hunter-gatherer | Mesolithic | Motala, Sweden | 6000 BC | MOT 12 | SLC24A5 HERC2 | d (1) d (1) | fair? | blue | Lazaridis 2013 | |
| Hunter-gatherer | Mesolithic | La Braña-Arintero, Leon, Spain | 5940-5690 BC | La Braña 1 | SLC24A5 SLC45A2 | a a | dark | dark | blue | Olalde 2014 |
| Farmer | Koros | Tiszaszolos-Domahaza, Hungary | 5780-5650 BC | KO1 | dark brown / black | blue | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Farmer | Koros | Berettyoujfalu-Morotva-lige, Hungary | 5713-5566 BC | KO2 | dark brown / light brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Farmer | LBK | Stuttgart, Germany | 5500 BC | SLC24A5 | d (2) | lighter than hunter-gatherer | dark brown / black | brown | Lazaridis 2013 | |
| Hunter-gatherer | Mesolithic | Stora Förvar cave, Stora Karlsö Island, Sweden | 7500 - 7250 cal. BP | SfF11 | SLC45A2 | d | medium? | Skoglund 2014, table S6. | ||
| Farmer | Cardial | Cova Bonica, Vallirana (Barcelona), Spain | 5470-5360 BC | CB13 | SLC24A5 SLC45A2 OCA2/HERC2 |
d (2) d (1) heteroz. |
fair | dark | ? | Olalde 2015 |
| Farmer | ALP | Polgar-Ferenci-hat, Hungary | 5310-5070 BC | NE1 | black / dark brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Farmer | LBK | Apc-Berekalja I., Hungary | 5300-4950 BC | NE6 | light | dark brown / light brown | intermediate | Gamba 2014 | ||
| Farmer | ALP | Debrecen Tocopart Erdoalja, Hungary | 5290-5060 BC | NE2 | black/dark brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Farmer | Tiszadob-Bukk | Polgar-Ferenci-hat, Hungary | 5290-5050 BC | NE4 | light | black / dark brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | ||
| Farmer | Bukk | Garadna, Hungary | 5210-5010 BC | NE3 | black / dark brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Farmer | ALP | Kompolt-Kigyoser, Hungary | 5210-4990 BC | NE5 | dark brown / light brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Farmer | Lengyel | Apc-Berekalja I., Hungary | 4490-4360 BC | NE7 | light | light brown / dark blond | blue | Gamba 2014 | ||
| Farmer | TRB | Frälsegården [passage grave], Gokhem, Sweden | 3500-2500 BC | Gok 2 | SLC24A5 SLC45A2 | d d | fair | Skoglund 2014, tables S6, S8, S9 | ||
| Pastoralist | Ötztal Alps, Italy | 3350-3100 BC | Ötzi | SLC24A5 | d | fair | brown | brown | Keller 2012 | |
| Farmer | Baden | Apc-Berekalja I., Hungary | 2900-2700 BC | CO1 | light | dark brown / light brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | ||
| Hunter-gatherer | Pitted Ware | Ajvide, Eksta, Gotland, Sweden | 2800-2000 BC | Ajv 58 | SLC24A5 SLC45A2 | a a | darker | blue | Skoglund 2014 | |
| Farmer | Mako | Kompolt-Kigyoser, Hungary | 2190-1980 BC | BR1 | black / dark brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | |||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Tatarka cemetery, burial 64, Charypovsky region, Russia | 1800–1400 BC | SO7 | fair / medium | dark brown | brown | Keyser 2009 | ||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Tatarka cemetery, burial 55, Russia | 1800–1400 BC | SO8 | brown | Keyser 2009 | ||||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Solenoozernaïa IV, kourgane I, burial 3, Krasnoyarsk region, Russia | 1800–1400 BC | SO9 | fair / medium | blond / light brown | blue / green | Keyser 2009 | ||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Solenoozernaïa IV, kourgane I, burial 4, Russia | 1800–1400 BC | SO10 | brown | Keyser 2009 | ||||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Solenoozernaïa I, burial 4, Russia |
1800–1400 BC | SO11 | blue / green | Keyser 2009 | ||||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Solenoozernaïa I, burial 4 Krasnoyarsk region, Russia |
1800–1400 BC | SO14 | fair / medium | brown | brown | Keyser 2009 | ||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Solenoozernaïa I, burial 29, Russia | 1800–1400 BC | SO15 | blue / green | Keyser 2009 | ||||
| Pastoralist | Andronovo | Oust-Abakansty, chief kurgan, Khakassia republic, Russia | 1800–1400 BC | SO16 | fair / medium | blond / light brown | blue / green | Keyser 2009 | ||
| Pastoralist | Karasuk | Oust-Abakansty, kurgan IV, burial 1, Khakassia republic, Russia | 1400–800 BC BC | S18 | blue / green | Keyser 2009 | ||||
| Pastoralist | Karasuk | Bogratsky, burial I Khakassia republic, Russia |
1400–800 BC BC | S19 | blue / green | Keyser 2009 | ||||
| Farmer | Kyjatice | Ludas-Varjudulo, Hungary | 1270-1110 BC | BR2 | light | dark brown / light brown | brown | Gamba 2014 | ||
| Pastoralist | Mezocsat Pre-Sythian | Ludas-Varjudulo, Hungary | 980-830 BC | IR1 | light | light brown / dark blond | brown | Gamba 2014 | ||