Palaeolithic DNA from Eurasia Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome haplogroups extracted from the earliest prehistoric human remains in Europe and related remains in Asia, arranged chronologically. | |||||||||
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Culture | Country | Site and/or Individual | Sex | Date | Y-DNA | mtDNA | Source | ||
pigmentation from genes | usually approximate | Haplogroup | Additional information | Haplogroup | Additional information | ||||
Russia | Ust'-Ishim, western Siberia | M | 45,770–44,010 cal BP | K(xLT) | M526 | R* | 73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 3107d, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 11719A, 14766T, 15326G, 16150 | Fu 2014 | |
Proto-Aurignacian | Italy | Grotta di Fumane [Fumane 2] | 41,110-38,500 cal BP | R* | 73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 11719A, 14766T, 15326G. 5585A, 16129A and 16304C | Benazzi 2015 | |||
Russia | Kostenki 14 [Markina Gora] | M | 38,700-36,200 cal. BP | C1 | M130, P255, V183, V199, V232, F3393 | U2 | 11467, 12308, 12372, 1811, 16051 | Seguin-Orlando 2014; Fu 2013; Krause 2010. | |
Romania | Peştera cu Oase [Oase 1] | 37,000–42,000 BP | F | N | 73G, 263G, 750G, 1438G, 2706G, 3107d, 4769G, 7028T, 8860G, 11719A, 12705T, 14766T, 15326G, 16223T | Fu 2015 | |||
Czech Republic | Dolni Vestonice [13] | 31,155 cal. BP | U8 | 151, 3480, 7031, 10398, 16189 | Fu 2013 | ||||
Czech Republic | Dolni Vestonice [14, 15] | 31,155 cal. BP | U5 | 2 samples 16192, 16270, reported as U | Fu 2013 | ||||
Gravettian | Russia | Sunghir [S2 and S3] | M & F | 30,100 ± 550 BP | Unreliable | Two samples 16129A reported in same grave. Contamination suspected. Even if genuine, this mutation is found in multiple haplogroups and so is uninformative in isolation. | Alexeeva 2000; Ovchinnikov and Goodwin 2003 ; Maram 2012 for date | ||
Gravettian | Italy | Paglicci Cave, Foggia [23] | 28,000 BP | Unreliable | Contaminated. | Caramelli 2008; Fu 2013, supplementary table S6. | |||
Gravettian | Wales, UK | Paviland [Red Lady] |
M | 26,000 BP | Unreliable | CRS; Cloning not used; contamination highly likely. | Sykes 2000 | ||
Gravettian | Italy | Paglicci Cave [12] | 24,000 BP | Unreliable | Contaminated. | Caramelli 2003; Bandelt 2005; Fu 2013, supplementary table S6. | |||
Gravettian | Italy | Paglicci Cave [25] | 24,000 BP | Unreliable | Contaminated. | Caramelli 2003; Fu 2013, supplementary table S6. | |||
Russia | Mal'ta, Siberia [MA-1] Brown eyes; dark brown hair; dark skin |
M | 24,000 BP | R* | U* | C324T, T482C, T3540C, T8258C, A10289G, A11467G, A12308G, G12372A, A13350G, G14364A, A14776G, A16399G | Raghavan 2013 | ||
Solutrian | Spain | Nerja, Málaga [NE-NM 82.2] | 18,000-15,000 BC | Unreliable | 16126C, 16311Y | Fernández 2005 | |||
Solutrian | Spain | Nerja, Málaga [NE-NT 79] | 18,000-15,000 BC | U | 16192T 16311C | Fernández 2005 | |||
Magdalenian | Germany | Hohler Fels [49 Ib1 66] | 13,400 BC | U | CRS in HVRI, 1721C, 7028Y, 12372A, 14766T, 14793A, | Bramanti 2009 | |||
Magdalenian | Germany | Hohler Fels [10 Ic 405] | 13,400 BC | U | 1721C, 7028T, 12372A, 14766T, 14793A | Bramanti 2009 | |||
Italy | Paglicci Cave [Accesso sala 2 Rim P] | 13,000 - 9000 BC | U2'3'4'7'8'9 | 146, 150, 152, 5999, 6152, 6498C>A, 8860, 10020, 14152, 15326, 15466, 16274, 16297 | Fu 2013 | ||||
Germany | Oberkassel [998] | 12,000 BC | U5b1 | 16192! | Fu 2013 | ||||
Germany | Oberkassel [998, 999] | 11,400 BC | U5b1 | 16189, 16166 | Fu 2013 | ||||
Magdalenian | Spain | El Pirulejo [1P1] | 11,500-10,500 BC | ? | 16182C, 16183C, 16189C | Fernández 2005 | |||
Magdalenian | Spain | El Pirulejo [2P1] | 11,500-10,500 BC | Unreliable | CRS | Fernández 2005 | |||
Magdalenian | Spain | La Pasiega (Cantabria) [PS-1] | R0 or HV | rCRS in HVRI, G73A, reported as H | Hervella 2012 | ||||
Magdalenian | Spain | Erralla (Gipuzkoa) [ERR-1] | 12,300 BP | U5b | 73G, 16270 | Hervella 2012; Brandt 2013 | |||
Late Epi-Gravettian | Italy | Continenza [7] | 14,000 - 8000 BP | U5b2b1 | Fu 2013 |