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Y-DNA: O2*-M268

Chinese general, author of military treatises and poet, first minister of the Han dynasty. De facto ruler of the Han Empire in the early 3rd century AD. Haplogroup O2* was determined by analyses of descendants. Analysis of more ancient DNA taken from a tooth of Cao Cao's ancestor, his great-uncle Cao Ding, showed O2*-M268.

The Japanese Takamuko clan traces its origin to Cao Cao's eldest son Cao Pi and accordingly belongs to the same haplogroup. Takamuko no Kuromaro (Japanese: 高向 玄理; died 654) — a great Japanese scholar and diplomat of the Asuka period.

Y-DNA: O2a

Nguyễn Thế Tổ (1762–1820), also known as Chuổng, Phúc Anh, ruled under the reign name Gia Long — the last of the Nguyễn lords and the first emperor of Vietnam from the Nguyễn dynasty.

Haplogroup O2a was determined by analyses of some descendants, but additional data are required for a final conclusion.

Y-DNA: Q1a2 (L56, M346)

The Bagrationi are an ancient dynasty of kings of Abkhazia, Georgia and Armenia. Modern researchers consider the Bagrationi dynasty to be a junior branch of the ancient Armenian Bagratid dynasty, known at least from the 1st century BC. The strategos of the Armenian king Tigranes II the Great (95–55 BC) and his governor in Syria and Cilicia, Bagarat, is the earliest known representative of this family. According to V. Minorsky, the Bagratids were natives of Speri, ruling in Armenia, Georgia and some other places. As noted by the specialist in the history of Transcaucasian aristocratic families, Prince K. L. Tumanov, the Bagratids, who were originally dynastic princes of the Sper region in northwestern Armenia (now Ispir in Turkey), had local Armenian-Iranian or possibly even Urartian origin and were descendants of the Armenian royal dynasty of the Orontids. The Orontids are an Armenian dynasty that ruled from 401 BC as Persian (Achaemenid) satraps of Armenia. According to Strabo (Geography, XI,14, 15), the Orontids descended from the Persian nobleman Hydarnes the Elder (a noble Persian, associate of Darius I, who lived in the second half of the 6th — early 5th centuries BC).

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, the Bagrationi family belongs to haplogroup Q-M346.

Y-DNA: R1a-L448

Somerled (Scottish Gaelic: Somhairle) — a Gaelic-Norse commander, founder and first ruler (1156–1164) of the Kingdom of the Isles in the Hebrides and western coast of Scotland. Somerled's son King Dougall is the founder of the MacDougall clan, which dominated the western coast of Scotland until the mid-14th century. Somerled is also the paternal ancestor of the Donald, MacDonald and MacAlister clans. DNA testing of documented relatives of Somerled revealed the Norse variety of R1a-L448, a subclade of L176.1. In 2005, geneticist Bryan Sykes analyzed clan chiefs (Lord Godfrey Macdonald, Sir Ian Macdonald of Sleat, Ranald MacDonald of Clan Ranald, William McAlester of Loup and Ranald MacDonnell of Glengary) and the results confirmed R1a-L448. However, not all members of the listed clans are descendants of Somerled, and overall results show 70% belong to Celtic R1b.

Y-DNA: R1a-Z93

The dynasty of Turkish sultans and caliphs who ruled from 1299 to 1924.

Haplogroup R1a-Z93 was determined by analyses of some descendants, but additional data are required for a final conclusion.

Y-DNA: R-Z93

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient princely house of Abkhazia and Georgia belongs to haplogroup R-Z93 and is apparently a descendant of either the Arab Shaibani, the Shirvanshahs, the Ottomans, or the Hunnic Jews.

Y-DNA: R1a1

Thomas Jeffrey (Tom Hanks) — famous American actor and producer.

Y-DNA: R1b-L21

The dynasty of kings of Scotland (1371–1651, 1660–1707), England (1603–1649, 1660–1694, 1702–1707), Ireland (1603–1649, 1660–1694, 1702–1714) and Great Britain (1707–1714).

Y-DNA: R1b-U106

A branch of the Ernestine line of the ancient Saxon Wettin dynasty, which ruled in several European states and is the ruling dynasty in Belgium and Great Britain.

Y-DNA: R1b

The ruling royal dynasty in Great Britain.

Y-DNA: R1b

The line of the Oldenburg dynasty (11th century), which separated from its Holstein-Gottorp branch, and thanks to inheritance through the female line adopted the name Romanov, and from 1762 the crown of the Russian Empire. Duke Karl Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp and Anna Petrovna, parents of Peter III, the progenitor of the Holstein-Gottorp branch of the Romanovs.

Y-DNA: R1b

The Oldenburg dynasty from Christian I.

Y-DNA: R1b-U152 (L2+)

One of the most powerful dynasties in Europe. Representatives of the dynasty are known as rulers of Austria (from 1282), which later transformed into the multinational Austro-Hungarian Empire (until 1918), which was one of the leading European powers, and also as emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whose throne the Habsburgs occupied from 1438 to 1806 (with a brief interruption in 1742–1745). According to the FTDNA Habsburg Family Project, the Habsburgs belong to R1b-U152 (L2+).

Y-DNA: R1b-U152 (L2)

George Washington — American statesman, first President of the United States, Founding Father of the United States, Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, participant in the War of Independence, creator of the American institution of the presidency. Haplogroup R1b-U152 (L2) was determined by analysis of data from the FTDNA Washington DNA Project with territorial identification of Oxfordshire and Lancashire, from which George Washington's ancestors came.

Y-DNA: R1b

The 16th President of the United States and the first from the Republican Party, liberator of American slaves, national hero of the American people.

Y-DNA: R1b

Many US Presidents belong to R1b (Zachary Taylor (12th), Franklin Pierce (14th), William McKinley (25th), and Woodrow Wilson (28th)).

Y-DNA: R1b

Latin American revolutionary, comandante of the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and Cuban statesman.

Y-DNA: R1b1a2

According to the Swiss laboratory iGENEA, based on data from the Discovery Channel film, Tutankhamun belongs to haplogroup R1b1a2. After the publication of this result, the data have not been scientifically refuted, which confirms iGENEA's correctness.

Y-DNA: R1b

Tsar Nicholas II, like all Romanovs from Peter III, belongs to haplogroup R1b.

Y-DNA: R1b

According to the test results of Charles Darwin's great-great-grandson, Charles Darwin's haplogroup is R1b.

Y-DNA: E1b1a

In December 2012, the same research group that worked on Tutankhamun's DNA determined that Ramesses III belongs to haplogroup E1b1a.

Y-DNA: E1b1b1b2*

Based on analyses taken from a paternal relative, Naphtali Hirsch Einstein, Albert Einstein was assigned to this haplogroup.

Y-DNA: E1b1b1c1* (E-M34*)

Napoleon's haplogroup E1b1b1c1* is most concentrated in Ethiopia. Lucotte (2011) in his work claims that Napoleon knew about his origin. His ancestor Francesco Buonaparte was a mercenary nicknamed "The Maur of Sarzane".

Y-DNA: E1b1b1 (E-M35)

E1b1b1 — ironically, one of the main haplogroups of Jews. It originated in West Africa about 22,400 years ago.

Y-DNA: E1b1a

E1b1a (Y-DNA) (also known as E-M2) is typical of Bantu peoples.

Y-DNA: E1b1b1

One of the most famous television presenters and naturalists in the world.

Y-DNA: G-M201

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient princely house of Georgia belongs to haplogroup G-M201. Vardan Dadiani, founder of the Megrelian princely house of Dadiani, participated in the revolt against Queen Tamar together with her former husband, Prince Yuri Bogolyubsky of Novgorod.

Y-DNA: G-M201

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient princely house of Mingrelia belongs to haplogroup G-M201. This family hereditarily held the positions of mouravi of Chaladidi and Nokalakevi and mdivanbeg of Chaladidi. One of the representatives of the family — Prince Peter Mikadze at the end of the 16th century, accompanying one of the Megrelian rulers (apparently George III Dadiani), moved to Kartli, becoming the founder of the Kartlian branch of the family; his descendants were in spiritual service and were hereditary archpriests of the Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral. The elder brothers of Peter, Bejan and Katsia Mikadze, are referred to in one document as princes of Poti and Anaklia, mouravi (voivodes) of Chaladidi and Nokalakevi. The family is mentioned with these same titles during the reign of Levan V Dadiani. The princes Mikadze begin to be mentioned in historical sources from the 16th century.

Y-DNA: G-M201

According to the Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient Svan princely house belongs to haplogroup G-M201. The Gelovani are a Svan-Lechkhumi princely family, eristavs of Svaneti in the 14th–17th centuries. The family has been known at least since the 12th century. There is a genealogical legend about their origin from Mecca, from the lineage of the guardians of the sacred Black Stone — the Kaaba. In the "History of the Kingdom of Georgia" by Prince Vakhushti Bagrationi, in the list of statesmen under Queen Tamar, it is said that her "vizier and secretary was appointed Anton Gelovani — a man of intelligence and sound mind." The princes Gelovani were eristavs (governors) of Svaneti from the 14th to the mid-17th centuries.

Y-DNA: G2a1a1-P18

Stalin's grandson — theater director A.V. Burdonsky — agreed to provide a DNA sample. The analysis showed that Joseph Vissarionovich's DNA belongs to haplogroup G2a1a1-P18. Its representatives, originating in India or Pakistan 14,300 years ago, spread 12,500 years ago across Central Asia, Europe and the Middle East. On the territory of the former USSR, representatives of this haplogroup live both in the North Caucasus and in Georgia. However, its highest frequency is among Ossetians.

Y-DNA: G2a

A famous American gangster who operated in the Chicago area in the 1920s–1930s.

DNA analysis of his great-grandson showed belonging to haplogroup G2a.

Y-DNA: G-PF3299

The founder of the city of Gal. He lived for 132 years. He told that during his childhood there were bloody local wars. He went into the forests and began to live in solitude. He hunted bears, aurochs, wild boars and goats. He was an excellent hunter and a good walker, could cover about 80–90 km a day. In the dense forest, he cleared a clearing where he began to sow hominy (corn was not yet known at that time), and set up a dwelling for himself there. There were no people around. At about 60 years of age, Ketsba got married. Other people began to settle near his house. Over time, a village was formed, then a town, which received the name Gali. Now it is one of the regional centers of Abkhazia. According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, he belonged to haplogroup G-PF3299.

Y-DNA: G-U1

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient princely house of Abkhazia belongs to haplogroup G-U1 — the main one for the Western Caucasus. The Achba are considered descendants of the Anosids, as are the Chkhotua, the Abazin princes Loovy and the Georgian princes Chkheidze (with their branch Eristavi-Rachinski). Branches of the Achba are considered the Abkhazian princely families Chaabalyrkhua and Shat-ipa, as well as the Georgian princes Abkhazi-Anchabadze and Machabeli (of the first, extinct house).

Apparently, the old Abkhazian proverb — "Without saying ACHBA, do not say CHACHBA" correctly conveys the position of these families in Abkhazia. Since the princely family of Chachba (Shervashidze), also described in this article, belongs to haplogroup R-Z93 and is apparently a descendant of either the Arab Shaibani, or the Shirvanshahs, or the Ottomans, or the Hunnic Jews.

Y-DNA: G2a1c2a1

Henry IV, Louis XVI, and probably the entire Robertian family, tracing their origin to Robert the Strong (G2a1c2a1).

Y-DNA: G2-P287

Richard III and possibly the entire Plantagenet dynasty belonged to haplogroup G2-P287+. Testing was done only for G-M201, G1-M285, and G2-P287. There is also a possibility of belonging to G2a2b-L30.

Y-DNA: G2a2b

Ötzi — the ice mummy of a Chalcolithic man, discovered in 1991 in the Tyrolean Alps on the Similaun glacier in the Ötztal valley at an altitude of 3200 meters as a result of strong ice melting. The age of the mummy, determined by radiocarbon dating, is approximately 5,300 years. In Austria, the mummy is called Ötzi after the place of discovery.

Y-DNA: J2

The founder of the international dynasty of outstanding entrepreneurs, the Rothschilds, founder of the bank in Frankfurt am Main, Freemason.

Y-DNA: J-CTS1460

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an Alan noble family belongs to haplogroup J-CTS1460. The history of the rise of the Bibiluri family begins with the Sidamont clan, whose members became eristavs of Ksani and Aragvi in Transcaucasia. The Sidamonts found themselves in their new place after the Tatar-Mongol invasion. The history of their rise is reflected in the chronicle "Monument of the Eristavs," created between 1405/6–1410 in the Largvisi Monastery.

Y-DNA: J1

Fath-Ali Shah (1772–1834) — the second Shah of Iran from the Qajar dynasty, ruled from 1797 to 1834, nephew and successor of the founder of the Qajar dynasty — the eunuch Agha Mohammad. According to analyses of several descendants of his sons, haplogroup J1 with DYS388 = 13 was identified.

Y-DNA: I-L596

According to the FTDNA Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient Georgian (Gardaban) princely house belongs to haplogroup I-L596. The Donauris ruled in eastern Georgia, Kakheti. They are the progenitors of the princes Vachnadze.

Y-DNA: I1

Olaf II (Olaf the Saint, Olaf Haraldsson, Olaf the Stout; Old Norse: Olafr Digre, Norwegian: Olav den hellige/Heilag Olav; 995–1030) — King of Norway from 1015 to 1028, a representative of the Horfager dynasty, son of Harald Grenske. The "Saga of Olaf the Saint" is dedicated to him. One of the most revered pan-Christian saints in Scandinavia (also venerated in Rus').

Y-DNA: I1 - M253

The Tolstoys are a Russian noble (count) family. According to family tradition, the family originated "from the honest man Indris," who came "from the German land, from the Caesarian land" and settled in Chernigov in 1353 with two sons and a retinue of three thousand men. Indris converted to Orthodoxy, receiving the name Leonty. His great-grandson Andrei Kharitonovich moved from Chernigov to Moscow and received the nickname Tolstoy from Grand Prince Vasily the Dark. In the count's branch of the Tolstoys, the famous writer Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy is separated from Indris by 20 generations. The first representative of the Tolstoy family to undergo testing was Pyotr Tolstoy, a well-known Russian TV presenter, great-great-grandson of the writer Leo Tolstoy. The research was conducted as part of the program "My Genealogy."

Y-DNA: I1

According to the National Board of Forensic Medicine of Sweden, Birger Magnusson and possibly the entire Folkung family belonged to haplogroup I1. The progenitor of the line of kings of Sweden and Norway.

Y-DNA: I1

American entrepreneur, the largest in the world and one of the most famous investors, whose fortune was estimated at $66 billion as of April 30, 2014. Belongs to the Scandinavian haplogroup I1.

Y-DNA: I2a1b3a

Inventor in the field of electrical and radio engineering, engineer, physicist. Born and raised in Austria-Hungary, in subsequent years he mainly worked in France and the USA.

Y-DNA: I2a-Din-N (L147.2+)

Christian theologian, initiator of the Reformation, leading translator of the Bible into German. One of the directions of Protestantism is named after him. According to the FTDNA Luther Surname DNA Project, Martin Luther belongs to haplogroup I2a-Din-N (L147.2+).

Y-DNA: N1c1, R1a1a

According to the FTDNA Russian Nobility DNA Project, the Rurikids from Vladimir II Monomakh, including Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263) and Ivan the Terrible (1530–1584), belonged to haplogroup N1c1. Despite this, the supposed cousin of Vladimir II Monomakh, Oleg Svyatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov, and his descendants belonged to R1a1a. Studies of proto-Rurikids also show N1c1 matching Vladimir Monomakh, and by marker DYS390=23 their Scandinavian rather than Uralic origin is determined. This confirms the Varangian origin of Rurik himself (830–879), the founder of Kievan Rus'.

Y-DNA: N1c1

It is believed that the Lithuanian Gediminid family belongs to the Rurikid line.

However, while both have haplogroup N1c1, they have different subclades with a common ancestor 2,500 years ago.

Y-DNA: C3 (M217)

According to Zerjal et al. (2003), Genghis Khan belonged to C3 (M217).

Y-DNA: C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483)

The founder of the Manchu empire, named after its dynasty Da Jin — "Great Golden" (also Hou Jin — "Later Golden"; the First, or Earlier, was considered the Jurchen Jin Empire (1115–1234), renamed in 1636 to Da Qing — "Great Pure" (according to Chinese tradition, the ruling dynasty was always designated with the prefix Da — "great," while previous dynasties were mentioned with the indicator Chao — "dynasty, house." The variant Qing — "Pure" — is commonly used in scientific and popular science literature).

Xue et al. (2005) determined that Aisin Gioro Nurhaci belongs to haplogroup C3c with a subclade age of about 500 years. Shin Yan et al. (2014) tested modern descendants and identified C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483).

Y-DNA: T

President of the United States, prominent figure in the American War of Independence, one of the authors of the Declaration of Independence (1776), 3rd President of the United States in 1801–1809, one of the Founding Fathers of this state, outstanding politician, diplomat and philosopher of the Enlightenment. DNA analysis of Jefferson's descendants from his slave Sally Hemings, as well as data published by Family Tree DNA in 2007, revealed haplogroup T (formerly K2).

• Haplogroups of European kings and queens. Maciamo 2014
• Royal DNA of Europe