arshba.ru

Age: 19000 years
Place of origin: Zagros Mountains

Ancient DNA:

• G-M201, J-M304 Iron Age DNA from Europe and West Asia
• G-M201, J-M304 Western Eurasian DNA of the Copper and Bronze
• G-M201, J-M304 DNA from the European Neolithic
• DNA of famous people

Migrations of haplogroup J

Migrations of haplogroups G (M201) and J (M304)

Migrations of Abkhazian haplogroups

Typical representatives

1. Ingush 88%
2. Chechens 56%
3. Cyprus 37%
4. Crete 34%
5. Azerbaijanis 30%
6. Turkey 30%
7. Mingrelians 29.3%
8. Northern Iraq 28%
9. Georgians 26.5%
10. Sicily 26.5%
11. Lebanon 26%
12. Kumyks 25%
13. Jews 25%
14. Southern Italy 23.5%
15. Abkhazians 22.3%
16. Armenians 22%
17. Adyghe 20.5%
18. Bulgaria 20%
19. Albania 19.5%
20. Greece 19%
21. Ossetians 14.8%

Men of haplogroup J (M172) are the second largest after G (M201) among Abkhazians and constitute, according to Litvinov, about 20%. The Abkhazian block of J (M172) consists mainly of the following subgroups: J2a*: 14.8%, J2a2*: 8.6%, J2a2a: 2.5%, J2b: 0.6%. Also J (M172) is the second major haplogroup for the entire Western Caucasus. (analysis).

Spread of agriculture with haplogroup J2a

Haplogroup J is a Near Eastern haplogroup, divided into the conventionally northern haplogroup J2 and the southern haplogroup J1. Haplogroup J2 originated in Northern Mesopotamia and spread westward to Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Southern Europe, as well as eastward to Persia and India. Haplogroups J2 and G2a are possibly associated with the ancient Etruscans (Minoan civilization), Greeks, southern Anatolia, Phoenicians, Assyrians, and Babylonians. In Europe, haplogroup J2 reaches its maximum frequency in Greece (particularly on the island of Crete, Peloponnese, and Thrace), southern and central Italy, southern France, and southern Spain. The ancient Greeks and Phoenicians were the main driving force behind the spread of J2 around the western and southern Mediterranean. Haplogroup J2 is believed to have arrived in Greece from Anatolia between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Among the West Caucasian peoples, it is the second major haplogroup after G2a, especially among Georgians and Armenians.

The geographic distribution of haplogroup J2a has a strong correlation with the spread of agriculture in northern Mesopotamia (where it peaks), and further to Anatolia, Greece, the entire Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and western India. The significant presence of haplogroup J2 in Italy is associated with early migrations of the earlier Etruscans from the Middle East to central and northern Italy, as well as Greek colonization of southern Italy.
Phoenicians, Jews, Greeks, and Romans contributed to the spread of haplogroup J2a in Iberia. Particularly high frequencies of haplogroup J2a and other Near Eastern haplogroups (J1, E1b1b1, T) in the south of the Iberian Peninsula indicate that the Phoenicians played a more important role than other peoples. This makes sense given that the Phoenicians/Carthaginians were the first to arrive, founding the greatest number of cities (including Gadir/Cadiz, the ancient city of Iberia), and their settlements almost exactly correspond to the higher frequencies of haplogroup J2a.

The Romans certainly contributed to the spread of haplogroup J2 within their borders, judging by the distribution of J2 in Europe (where the frequency is more than 5%), which has a curious resemblance to the borders of the Roman Empire.
The maximum concentration of haplogroup J2a in the world is on the island of Crete (32% of the population). Subclade J2a3d (M319) is presumably native to Crete. Haplogroup J2a also reaches high frequencies in Anatolia, the South Caucasus, Chechnya, and Ingushetia.

Indian branches of haplogroup J2a

In India, haplogroup J2a is more common among higher castes and decreases in frequency with decreasing caste level. This can be explained by the assimilation of local J2a (and R2) by newcomers from Central Asia — Indo-European warriors of R1a1-Z93, who originated from Central Asia (Sintashta culture) and established themselves over several centuries in southern Central Asia, north of the Hindu Kush, before moving on to conquer the Indian subcontinent. J2a reached southern Central Asia with the Neolithic expansion and mixed with the local hunter-gatherer population belonging mainly to R2 (and possibly ancient R1a*).

Haplogroup J2b

The mutation forming subclade J2b probably originated in Greece or Anatolia, like haplogroup E-V13 (see below), with which it is closely associated. The distribution of J2b and E-V13 roughly corresponds to the ancient Greek and Roman spheres of influence. Besides Europe, J2b can also be found throughout India, but only at moderate frequencies between Europe and India, which means that, unlike J2a, it did not have a progressive and continuous spread, as would be expected from the spread of agriculture. For this reason, and also because haplogroup J2b is generally common among higher castes in India, it is believed that some J2b lineages may have been part of the Indo-Aryan invasion of South Asia (3500 years ago) along with R1a1-Z93. It is quite possible that a minority of J2b, G2a3b1 (G2a1c2a) and R1b1a2 from the Caucasian region migrated to the Volga-Ural region at the beginning of the Bronze Age (see history of R1b), spreading with their Proto-Indo-European language, bronze technologies, and domestic animals to the Caspian steppe and expanding this new culture into Central and South Asia (see R1a1).


Haplogroup J1

Haplogroup J1 is a Near Eastern haplogroup that likely originated in Southeastern Anatolia, near Lake Van in the heart of Kurdistan. Eastern Anatolia is the region where goats, sheep, and cattle were first domesticated in the Middle East. Haplogroup J1 is almost certainly associated with the spread of pastoralism throughout the Middle East and Europe. Haplogroup J1 can be divided into two main groups: subclade J1c3 (P58), and other J1 subclades (J1*, J1A, J1b, J1c1, and J1c2).

Haplogroup J1c3 (J-P58) is by far the most common subclade of J1. It is a typically Semitic subclade, constituting the majority of the population of the Arabian Peninsula, where it accounts for about 40%-75% of male lineages. J-P58 is also the haplogroup of the Cohanim. Approximately half of all Cohanim belong to subclade J-P58. In the Jewish Bible, the common ancestor of all Cohanim is identified as Aaron — brother of Moses. Haplogroup J1c3 is believed to have spread from eastern Anatolia to the Levant, and from the Zagros Mountains to the Arabian Peninsula at the end of the last glacial period (12000 years ago) with seasonal migrations of pastoralists. The rise of Islam in the 7th century AD played an important role in the expansion of J1c3 from Arabia to the Middle East, as well as North Africa, and to a lesser extent in Sicily and southern Spain.

Other subclades of haplogroup J1 are less well studied due to their much lower frequencies. Most J1 in the Caucasus, Anatolia, and Europe are not Semitic J1c3. Other types of J1 most likely spread to Europe during the Neolithic. Haplogroup J1 is particularly common in mountainous regions of Europe (with the exception of the Alps and Carpathians) — Greece, Albania, Italy, central France, and the most inaccessible parts of Iberia (Asturias, Cantabria, Castile-La Mancha), as well as Portugal and Andalusia.

Like haplogroup G2, J1 may have been the main lineages that could have brought domestic animals to Europe. J1 reaches its maximum frequency in the Eastern Caucasus, and in some ethnic groups constitutes the absolute majority (Kubachi, Kaitaks, Dargins), while others have an extremely high level of G2 (Shapsugs, Northern Ossetians). Most ethnic groups in the North Caucasus have from 20 to 40% of each haplogroup, which today dominate the Caucasus.