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As the Sun gradually consumes its hydrogen fuel reserves, it becomes hotter, and its luminosity slowly but steadily increases. By the age of 5.6 billion years, 1.1 billion years from now, our daylight star will be 11% brighter than it is today. The increase in solar luminosity during this period is such that the Earth's surface, due to the greenhouse effect induced by water vapor, will be too hot for life to exist in its current understanding. Despite this, life may remain in the oceans and polar regions. According to Professor J. Kasting of the University of Pennsylvania, the disappearance of life due to rising temperatures caused by the increase in solar luminosity may occur even before the red giant stage, in 1 billion years. By this time, the Sun will reach its maximum surface temperature (5800 K) over its entire evolutionary history in the past and future up to the white dwarf phase; at subsequent stages, the photosphere temperature will be lower.

MULTIVERSE



The hypothetical set of all possible actually existing parallel universes (including the one we are in). Ideas about the structure of the Multiverse, the nature of each universe within it, and the relationships between these universes depend on the chosen hypothesis. The universes that make up the Multiverse are called alternative universes, alternative realities, parallel universes or parallel worlds.

The existence of the Multiverse is a subject of debate among physicists. This idea is actively used in string theory, in the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics, and in the theory of eternal inflationary multiverse.

Proponents of the Multiverse theory: Stephen Hawking, Brian Greene, Max Tegmark, Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Michio Kaku, David Deutsch, Leonard Susskind, Alexander Vilenkin, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Sean Carroll, Joseph Polchinski.

Opponents: Steven Weinberg, David Gross, Paul Steinhardt, Neil Turok, Vyacheslav Mukhanov, Michael Turner, Roger Penrose, George Ellis, Adam Frank, Paul Davies.


FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSE

According to various sources, the dating of the next global stage in the evolution of the Universe ranges between 2.8 and 22 billion years.

Scientific theories predict many possible scenarios for the future, including both theories of destruction and theories of the Universe's infinite existence. After the theory of the Universe's creation through the Big Bang and its subsequent rapid expansion was accepted by most scientists, the future of the Universe became a question of cosmology, considered from different perspectives depending on the physical properties of the Universe: its mass and energy, average density and expansion rate.


POSSIBLE SCENARIOS

Big Rip — a theory according to which space will continue to expand, but in such a way that not only galaxies but also stars within galaxies will begin to move apart, followed by planets moving away from stars, until eventually individual atoms fly apart in all directions.

Big Freeze (or Heat Death) — a theory of a possible future of the Universe, according to which it faces heat death, resulting in stars gradually cooling and extinguishing.

Big Crunch — a theory according to which the Universe will contract into a single super-dense point in the future.

Pulsation — a scenario in which the Universe undergoes successive periods of expansion and contraction. At the end of the contraction stage, when the Universe is concentrated in a small volume of high density, a "dispersal" of the Universe, called an explosion, likely occurs. Thus, according to this theory, the Universe pulsates infinitely between the Big Bang and the Big Crunch.