Methods:
The chronology uses:
- Any information on this website should not be considered as an irrefutable fact and is offered as a model based on modern advances and researches;
- When studying the history of a people, it is important to distinguish between concepts like propaganda, politics, culture, people, language, country, state, DNA, genes, current and previous places of living. Example: abkhazians of african descent;
- Science — is + + logic. Any conclusions falling outside this scheme cannot be considered scientific;
- Y-chromosome. Video, eng.: autosomal chromosome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), X chromosome, mutations;
- The age of haplogroups is approximate in all cases. The greater the age — the greater the error;
- On any copyright issues, please, use a button [!] at the top right corner of the messages.
The chronology uses:
- This research;
- The DNA structure of today's Abkhazians on these conclusions;
- Overview of all the known cultures in the potential habitats of abkhazian ancestors;
- Ancient sources and archaeological sites mentioning the Abkhazians and their ancestors;
- Historical and any other maps of the abkhaz and their ancestors habitat;
- The parallels in legends, epics (eposes) and religions;
- Generalized conclusions of experts in related disciplines (genetics, archeology, linguistics, history, etc.);
- Known historical climate changes in the regions of migrations;
- Scientifically reasonable new data on the topic;
- Software and resources: Arlequin; McGee Y-DNA Comparison Utility; Glottochronological and lexicostatistical language databases: 1, 2;
- These materials;
- The list of possible participants of abkhaz ethnogenesis;
- The main Y-DNA haplogroups of the Abkhazians and the whole of the Western Caucasus are G (M201) and J (M304) — arshba.ru/caucasus. These Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades, in conjunction with other data of genetics and DNA genealogy, are used to determine the genetic ancestors of modern Abkhazians.
- Phylogenetic tree of the Abkhaz
G and J
Abkhazian subclades of G (M201):
• G2 (P287) — 24%
• G2a1a1 (P16) — 12%
• G2a2b2a (P303) — 21%
Total G (M201) with subclades is 57% of the total number of haplogroups.
Abkhazian subclades of J (M304):
• J1a2b (P58) — 1,2%
• J2a (M410) — 14,8%
• J2a1b (M67) — 8,6%
• J2a1b1 (M92) — 2,5%
• J2b (M12) — 0,6%
Total J (M304) with subclades is 27,7% of the total number of haplogroups.