3rd millennium BC
Hattians — a people who inhabited the country of Hatti in the central and southeastern part of Anatolia (modern Turkey) during the period 2500–1700 BC in the Early and Middle Bronze Age. The name of the country and people was later inherited by the Hittites who conquered them; however, the outdated designation of the Hattians as "Proto-Hittites" is fundamentally incorrect — the Hittites belonged to a completely different language family.
In the 1920s, the Swiss orientalist Emil Forrer first put forward the hypothesis that the Hattian language is related to the West Caucasian languages, namely Abkhazian, Adyghe, and Ubykh.
V. V. Ivanov suggested a hypothetical relationship between Hattian and the Abkhazo-Adyghean languages. There are some indications of structural similarity and closeness of formants, insofar as one can judge the actual sound of the phonemes hidden behind the cuneiform script.
At the same time, A. Kassian argues that the Hattian language belongs to the Sino-Caucasian macrofamily, but does not form a special subgroup with the Abkhazo-Adyghean languages within this family. It represents a separate branch of the Sino-Caucasian languages, while showing the greatest closeness to the North Caucasian and Yeniseian branches.
P. Schrijver notes the similarity of the Hattian verbal system to that of Sumerian, which may indicate a genetic relationship between these languages.
Several linguists (E. Forrer, E. Laroche, I. M. Dunaevskaya, and A. Kammenhuber) succeeded in clarifying the grammatical structure of the Hattian language, and in their words — "it shows features of striking structural similarity with the northwestern Caucasian languages (Abkhazo-Adyghean)", and linguistic research by G. A. Melikishvili and G. G. Giorgadze also makes the close relationship of Hattian with the language of the Kaskians probable. The Kaskians (or Kashki, Kashaki, Kaskeans) — a people (group of tribes) inhabiting northeastern Anatolia and the southern Black Sea region (Pontus) during the 2nd millennium BC, from the Halys River (Kızılırmak) or further west, to the upper Euphrates west of modern Erzincan, including the valleys of the Iris (Yeşilırmak) and Lycus (Wolf River, Gayl-get, Kelkit) rivers. They spoke a language related to Hattian. This people is attested in cuneiform inscriptions of ancient Asia Minor. Sometimes they are called Kaskan tribes. Today, few doubt that the Hattian language belonged to the North Caucasian family of the Abkhazo-Adyghean group. V. V. Ivanov even draws parallels between Hattian and Etruscan.
In 3750 BC — "Phar Hatti (Var Hatti — 'king of Hatti') comes and takes the throne of Akkad" (from an ancient Chaldean treatise on astrology). In the ancient folklore of the Abkhazians and Adyghe, a similar legend has been preserved about the campaign of Uar-Khatu to Asia Minor, which ended on the Euphrates. A stele from the city of Carchemish with a hieroglyphic text, the content of which is transmitted in the "Manuscript of Ancient Gildani (Assyria)", describes in more detail the campaign of Phar Hatti, a military commander or leader who led the people "khatuun" (people of Hatti). "Uun" — from the ancient Abkhaz-Adyghe can be translated as "man". If we take into account the ancient Assyrian "Var" (king), which in Adyghe sounds like "Uar", then Khatu was the king of the khatuuns, who founded the "Hattian" kingdom in Asia Minor" (more details here).
It is also quite interesting to note (if there really was a transition from the Hattian language to the Hittite-Nesite language) that in the Nart epic there is mention of a certain language "hatiag avzag", that is, the Hattian language, which the Narts once spoke, and which the Narts forgot, and only the eldest of the Narts remembered it. Another interesting parallel: among the Narts, hatiag avzag was a sacred and magical language, just as among the Hittites-Nesites, the Hattian language was the language of worship and cults.
The book of Academician G. F. Turchaninov "The Discovery and Decipherment of the Most Ancient Writing of the Caucasus" tells of his version of the origin of the Maykop culture and Abkhazo-Adyghean languages from the Ashuya culture.
There is also a connection between Hattian culture and the megalithic structures of unknown builders around the world. The Hittite monuments of the Hattian language studied by linguists mainly contain rituals and construction instructions. Turkish researchers studying ancient monuments of Anatolia have come to the conclusion that the Hittites (descendants of the Hattians) built or rather added their structures onto already existing megalithic structures there, possibly those of the Hattians. And that Hittite structures fully correspond to the level of development of the building craft of that time, while the megaliths, under the Hittite structures, weighing 500-1000 tons, with traces of disc saws and polygonal masonry of huge blocks with internal joints and bends in three dimensions, made using technologies unknown to us, do not belong to the Hittites. And what is even more interesting is that identical construction techniques have been found in Egypt, Cusco (Peru), under the structures of Phoenician Baalbek, Persepolis in Iran, and in many other places with traces of ancient, highly developed technical civilizations. of the connection between Anatolia and Peru is the so-called "Gate of the Gods" — structures with an unknown purpose located in different parts of the world.
Another connection is the formation of surnames. The beginning of the written recording of Abkhazian surnames dates back to the 11th century. A model reminiscent of the modern Abkhazian structure of surname formation existed several thousand years ago on the territory of ancient Anatolia. In particular, noting the model of formation of Abkhazian patronymic names through the combination of the name of the clan progenitor with the formant "-ipa", meaning "his son", Sh. D. Inal-ipa drew attention to the characteristic similarity of this model with the form of formation of Hattian tribal names such as Hutpa and Kasipa, which lived in Asia Minor in the 4th-3rd millennia BC ].
There are also well-founded genetic connections between the Hattians and today's West Caucasian peoples. According to studies , it is precisely haplogroup that reflects the spread of Hattian culture to the Western Caucasus. The greatest diversity of mutation types of a haplogroup is considered the most likely place of its primary origin, and for it has been established that this is Tell Halula, Syria 36.416667°N 38.166667°E. And the well-known is located a few kilometers from Tell Halula — Göbekli Tepe, Örencik, Türkiye, 36°25'00.0"N 38°10'00.0"E.
Appearance
The Hattians had long, often hooked noses and dark hair; as the archaeologist Ekrem Akurgal (2001: 8) notes:
"The large-nosed soldiers identified as 'Hitti' in the Egyptian temple depictions of the Battle of Kadesh show a completely different ethnic type from their [Hittite Indo-European] kings in the same scenes."
Assyriologist Oliver Robert Gurney (1964: 212) also asserts that:
"We might well suppose that the 'Armenoid' type represents the mass of the Hittite (perhaps rather Hattian) population, while the upright type of face belongs to the Indo-European ruling class..."
Religion
Hattian religion traces back to the Stone Age. It involved worship of the earth, which is personified as a mother goddess; the Hattians honored the mother goddess to ensure their crops and their own well-being. The Hattian pantheon of gods included the storm-god Taru (represented by a bull), the sun-goddess Furušemu or Wurunšemu (represented by a leopard), and a number of other elemental gods. Reliefs in Çatal Hüyük show a female figure giving birth to a bull, i.e. the mother-goddess Kattahha (or Hannahanna) was mother to the storm-god Taru. An in Abkhaz means mother.
More details: | | | | | | Abkhazian language
List of known Hattian kings:
Connections:
- Mediterranean, 1400 BC
- Caucasian nose on Egyptian depictions of the Hattians. Akurgal 2001
- Mother Goddess, Çatal Hüyük,
5750 BC
In the 1920s, the Swiss orientalist Emil Forrer first put forward the hypothesis that the Hattian language is related to the West Caucasian languages, namely Abkhazian, Adyghe, and Ubykh.
V. V. Ivanov suggested a hypothetical relationship between Hattian and the Abkhazo-Adyghean languages. There are some indications of structural similarity and closeness of formants, insofar as one can judge the actual sound of the phonemes hidden behind the cuneiform script.
At the same time, A. Kassian argues that the Hattian language belongs to the Sino-Caucasian macrofamily, but does not form a special subgroup with the Abkhazo-Adyghean languages within this family. It represents a separate branch of the Sino-Caucasian languages, while showing the greatest closeness to the North Caucasian and Yeniseian branches.
P. Schrijver notes the similarity of the Hattian verbal system to that of Sumerian, which may indicate a genetic relationship between these languages.
Several linguists (E. Forrer, E. Laroche, I. M. Dunaevskaya, and A. Kammenhuber) succeeded in clarifying the grammatical structure of the Hattian language, and in their words — "it shows features of striking structural similarity with the northwestern Caucasian languages (Abkhazo-Adyghean)", and linguistic research by G. A. Melikishvili and G. G. Giorgadze also makes the close relationship of Hattian with the language of the Kaskians probable. The Kaskians (or Kashki, Kashaki, Kaskeans) — a people (group of tribes) inhabiting northeastern Anatolia and the southern Black Sea region (Pontus) during the 2nd millennium BC, from the Halys River (Kızılırmak) or further west, to the upper Euphrates west of modern Erzincan, including the valleys of the Iris (Yeşilırmak) and Lycus (Wolf River, Gayl-get, Kelkit) rivers. They spoke a language related to Hattian. This people is attested in cuneiform inscriptions of ancient Asia Minor. Sometimes they are called Kaskan tribes. Today, few doubt that the Hattian language belonged to the North Caucasian family of the Abkhazo-Adyghean group. V. V. Ivanov even draws parallels between Hattian and Etruscan.
In 3750 BC — "Phar Hatti (Var Hatti — 'king of Hatti') comes and takes the throne of Akkad" (from an ancient Chaldean treatise on astrology). In the ancient folklore of the Abkhazians and Adyghe, a similar legend has been preserved about the campaign of Uar-Khatu to Asia Minor, which ended on the Euphrates. A stele from the city of Carchemish with a hieroglyphic text, the content of which is transmitted in the "Manuscript of Ancient Gildani (Assyria)", describes in more detail the campaign of Phar Hatti, a military commander or leader who led the people "khatuun" (people of Hatti). "Uun" — from the ancient Abkhaz-Adyghe can be translated as "man". If we take into account the ancient Assyrian "Var" (king), which in Adyghe sounds like "Uar", then Khatu was the king of the khatuuns, who founded the "Hattian" kingdom in Asia Minor" (more details here).
It is also quite interesting to note (if there really was a transition from the Hattian language to the Hittite-Nesite language) that in the Nart epic there is mention of a certain language "hatiag avzag", that is, the Hattian language, which the Narts once spoke, and which the Narts forgot, and only the eldest of the Narts remembered it. Another interesting parallel: among the Narts, hatiag avzag was a sacred and magical language, just as among the Hittites-Nesites, the Hattian language was the language of worship and cults.
The book of Academician G. F. Turchaninov "The Discovery and Decipherment of the Most Ancient Writing of the Caucasus" tells of his version of the origin of the Maykop culture and Abkhazo-Adyghean languages from the Ashuya culture.
There is also a connection between Hattian culture and the megalithic structures of unknown builders around the world. The Hittite monuments of the Hattian language studied by linguists mainly contain rituals and construction instructions. Turkish researchers studying ancient monuments of Anatolia have come to the conclusion that the Hittites (descendants of the Hattians) built or rather added their structures onto already existing megalithic structures there, possibly those of the Hattians. And that Hittite structures fully correspond to the level of development of the building craft of that time, while the megaliths, under the Hittite structures, weighing 500-1000 tons, with traces of disc saws and polygonal masonry of huge blocks with internal joints and bends in three dimensions, made using technologies unknown to us, do not belong to the Hittites. And what is even more interesting is that identical construction techniques have been found in Egypt, Cusco (Peru), under the structures of Phoenician Baalbek, Persepolis in Iran, and in many other places with traces of ancient, highly developed technical civilizations. of the connection between Anatolia and Peru is the so-called "Gate of the Gods" — structures with an unknown purpose located in different parts of the world.
Another connection is the formation of surnames. The beginning of the written recording of Abkhazian surnames dates back to the 11th century. A model reminiscent of the modern Abkhazian structure of surname formation existed several thousand years ago on the territory of ancient Anatolia. In particular, noting the model of formation of Abkhazian patronymic names through the combination of the name of the clan progenitor with the formant "-ipa", meaning "his son", Sh. D. Inal-ipa drew attention to the characteristic similarity of this model with the form of formation of Hattian tribal names such as Hutpa and Kasipa, which lived in Asia Minor in the 4th-3rd millennia BC ].
There are also well-founded genetic connections between the Hattians and today's West Caucasian peoples. According to studies , it is precisely haplogroup that reflects the spread of Hattian culture to the Western Caucasus. The greatest diversity of mutation types of a haplogroup is considered the most likely place of its primary origin, and for it has been established that this is Tell Halula, Syria 36.416667°N 38.166667°E. And the well-known is located a few kilometers from Tell Halula — Göbekli Tepe, Örencik, Türkiye, 36°25'00.0"N 38°10'00.0"E.
Appearance
The Hattians had long, often hooked noses and dark hair; as the archaeologist Ekrem Akurgal (2001: 8) notes:
"The large-nosed soldiers identified as 'Hitti' in the Egyptian temple depictions of the Battle of Kadesh show a completely different ethnic type from their [Hittite Indo-European] kings in the same scenes."
Assyriologist Oliver Robert Gurney (1964: 212) also asserts that:
"We might well suppose that the 'Armenoid' type represents the mass of the Hittite (perhaps rather Hattian) population, while the upright type of face belongs to the Indo-European ruling class..."
Religion
Hattian religion traces back to the Stone Age. It involved worship of the earth, which is personified as a mother goddess; the Hattians honored the mother goddess to ensure their crops and their own well-being. The Hattian pantheon of gods included the storm-god Taru (represented by a bull), the sun-goddess Furušemu or Wurunšemu (represented by a leopard), and a number of other elemental gods. Reliefs in Çatal Hüyük show a female figure giving birth to a bull, i.e. the mother-goddess Kattahha (or Hannahanna) was mother to the storm-god Taru. An in Abkhaz means mother.
More details: | | | | | | Abkhazian language
List of known Hattian kings:
Kings (dates with discrepancies: Ryzhov/Volkov/Nepomnyashchy/History of Europe vol.1)
Lists of Kings of Hatti (Hittite Empire):
Pithanas c. 1800
Anittas 17th century
Tuthaliyas I
Pusarruma c. 1700
Laparnas
Hattusilis I c. 1650 1650(1590)-1620(1560)
Mursilis I
Handilis
Zidantas
Ammunas c. 1550
Huzziyas c. 1530
Telepinus c. 1500 c. 1525
Alluwamnas
Tuthaliyas II 1430-1406
Arnuwandas I 1410-1386
Hattusilis II 1385-1381
Tuthaliyas III 1380-1358 1400-1385
Suppiluliumas I 1357-1323 1380(45)-1340(25)
Arnuwandas II 1322
Mursilis II 1321-1297 1334-1306
Muwatallis 1296-1271 1315-1282 1306-1282
Mursilis III 1270-1264
Hattusilis III 1263-1245
Tuthaliyas IV 1244-1220 1250-1220 1260-1230
Arnuwandas III 1219-1218
Suppiluliumas II 1217-1200
Life (not all kings from the list are mentioned here)
Anittas. Anitta, son of Pithana, king of Kussara (city not found) conquers and curses Hattusa — the stronghold of the Hattian tribes. Moves the capital to Nesa (Kanish). Defeats and captures the king of Zalpuwa, Huzziya, and annexes Zalpuwa itself (a city on the Black Sea at the mouth of the Halys) to his kingdom. Anitta's army — the most powerful in Anatolia — numbered 40 chariots and 1400 warriors.
Laparnas. The true founder of the Hatti state. United all of Anatolia, but although he called the seas his borders, he did not take possession of the harbors or build a fleet. Possibly Labarna is a title rather than a name; all his successors were called Labarnas during their lifetimes.
Appointed his sons to rule in the Lower Country — in Hupsina, Tuwanuwa, Nenassa, Landa, Zalpara, Parsuhanda, Lusna.
Hattusilis I. "King of the land of Hatti, man of the city of Kussara." Hattusili conducts an active conquest policy and moves the capital from Kussara to Hattusa. Made 3 campaigns to the West, of which 2 campaigns to Arzawa. The remaining wars were fought in Syria. Captured Alalakh and Urshu. Defeated the army of Aleppo in battle at the Amanus Passes, but Aleppo itself held out. Conquered Tsaruna, Hashshu, Zippasna, Hahhu. The latter was taken by an enemy for the first time (even Sargon of Akkad, although he defeated the army of Hahhu, could not take it), and Hahhu was burned, and its king was harnessed to a chariot. Crossed the Euphrates at Hahhu. During Hattu's campaign to the West, the King of Hanigalbat (Mitanni) crossed the Taurus, and Hatti collapsed (only the capital — Hattusa — remained loyal to the King of Hattu). Having suppressed the rebellions raised by his sons and daughter, Hattu made his grandson Mursilis his heir.
Mursilis I. Mursili — Great King. Grandson of Hattusilis I. Married to a certain Kallis. Mursilis again defeated and was the first of the Hittites to destroy Halpa (Aleppo). Finally devastated Ebla. Then he does the incredible — he goes to Babylu (from Halpa — 850 km, through the land of the hostile Hurrians, and from Hattusa — twice as far). Having no rear and no hope of retreat in case of failure, in 1595 BC he defeats Samsuditana — the last of the Hammurabi dynasty that ruled Akkad for several centuries — destroys Babylu — the largest city in the world! and takes its population and statues of gods to Hattusa! Some of the statues of gods he placed in the border Hittite city of Hana on the Euphrates. On the way back from Babylu, Mursilis defeated the formidable Hurrians from Wasshukanni (capital of Mitanni — not found) who attacked him. Killed by conspirators led by Handilis, married to Mursilis's sister Haransilis, and Zidantas, married to the daughter of Haransilis and Handilis (or of Mursilis himself). The beginning of turmoil.
Handilis. Handilis possibly did not accept the royal title but ruled as regent under his (?) son Kassienis. The Hurrians invaded and captured Northern Syria. Halpa was lost. Handilis fortifies Hattusa, preparing for a siege. The Kaskians forever cut off Hatti from the Black Sea and captured the important religious center of Hatti — the city of Nerik. Their raids reached even Southern Hatti. The Hurrians captured Princess Harapsilis — the sister of Mursilis and wife of Handilis — along with her children. She was killed by her own sons in captivity in Syria.
Zidantas. Zidantas killed Mursilis and Kassienis — the son of Harapsilis and (possibly) Handilis. Killed by his son Ammunas.
Ammunas. Ammunas killed his father — Zidantas. Lost many lands, including Arzawa. Died a natural death.
Huzziyas. Huzziya carried out a coup — all the sons of Ammunas were killed, except Telepinus — the son-in-law of Huzziyas, who managed to outmaneuver him and overthrow him from the throne.
Telepinus. Telepinus deposed Huzziyas. This is the reformer king. He changed the order of succession (from uncle-king to nephew-son of the eldest sister, but kings wanted to pass power to their own sons, which led to massacre, and the throne was usually taken by whoever survived). Now a clear system of inheritance priorities was introduced. He also introduced court ceremony. Telepinus fought many wars in the North and East. In the West, Arzawa fell away from Hatti, and in the South — Syria, conquered by the King of Mitanni Parrattarna. Telepinus secured the southwestern borders with victories in the Anti-Taurus mountains and a peace treaty with Kizzuwatna — this was the first peace treaty concluded by Hatti with a neighbor and began this tradition.
Alluwamnas. Besides Alluwamna, the names of kings Hantili II, Zidanta II, Huzziya II are mentioned, but today there is no certainty whether they were kings and in what sequence. The main enemies of Hatti at this time were the Hurrians (first of all, the powerful state of Mitanni, led by the conqueror king Saussadattar (from 1475 BC)) and the Kaskians. Around 1450 BC, the Achaeans established themselves in Millawanda (Miletus) in Western Anatolia.
Tuthaliyas II. Tuthaliya — founder of a new dynasty (possibly Hurrian) that ruled Hatti for 2½ centuries. His origin is unclear. Waged stubborn wars with the Kaskians. Conducted a campaign in Syria, destroyed Halpa, which had just withstood the siege of the Hurrians. He acted as a junior ally of Pharaoh Thutmose III, who in 1457 BC launched a campaign against the Mitannian king Saussadattar and drove him out of Syria.
Arnuwandas I. All conquered provinces fell away. The main enemy of Arnuwanda in the North was the Kaskians, who possibly took and burned the capital of Hatti! "The enemy from Kaska came and devastated the lands of Hatti and made Nenassa his border." "From outside came an enemy from Armatana and he too devastated the lands of Hatti and made Kizzuwatna his border. And Hattusa, this city, was burned." Lost Aleppo. From the West, Arzawa was advancing and advanced to Tuwanuwa (Lake Tuz area), from the Northeast — Azzi and Haysa, from the East — the Hurrian kingdoms of Isuwa and Mitanni. Hatti held along the line of modern cities Tokat-Ankara-Niğde-Sivas.
Tuthaliyas III. Managed to briefly subjugate Haysa. Together with his son Suppiluliuma, he constantly fought with the Kaskians — allies of Haysa. The Kaskians even managed to capture and plunder Hattusa.
Suppiluliumas I. Suppiluliuma — Great King. Son of Tuthaliyas III. His name means "(Born) by a pure spring." Defeated and forced a favorable peace on Haysa. After 20 years of war, he managed to push the Kaskians to the North. In the first clash with Mitanni, he was defeated by its king Tushratta (1365-1338). Through diplomacy, he made the king of Kizzuwatna, Sunassura, his vassal. Conducted a successful campaign against Arzawa and pushed it back to Mira and Hapalla. The king of Arzawa was Suppiluliuma's son-in-law. Conquered Isuwa — an ally of Mitanni, defeated Tushratta, and took away his Syrian possessions. Subjugated Halpa, the entire Orontes valley together with Kadesh, Ugarit, Alalakh. Destroyed Qatna. After the murder of Tushratta by his own son (name unknown), the latter's son — Mattiwaza — fled to him. "King-Sun". Suppiluliuma marries him to his daughter and gives him an army to invade Mitanni, under the command of his son Prince Piyassili. Passing through the Cilician Gates, the Hittites invaded Mitanni, devastated it, impaled 1200 people, and placed the son-in-law of Suppiluliuma (Artadama II ?(from 1338 BC)) on the throne of the now vassal kingdom. After Artadama's death, Suppiluliuma deposed his son Shuttarna III and placed his son-in-law and son of Tushratta — Shattivazza — on the throne of Mitanni. Suppiluliuma besieged and conquered the last Hurrian fortress — Carchemish. In Carchemish and Halpa, Suppiluliuma's sons sat on the throne (in the first — Piyassili). Haysa in the Northeast, Amurru in Syria — concluded alliance treaties with Hatti. With Egypt, Suppiluliuma broke off allied relations, and his military commanders Lupakki and Tarhuntazalma attacked Amka — a country subject to Pharaoh Akhenaten. The widow of Akhenaten's son — Tutankhamun, the daughter of Akhenaten and Nefertiti Ankhesenamun, fearing her own grandfather — the High Priest Ay, who desired to marry her — made an offer to Suppiluliuma to marry his son to her. Suppiluliuma, after some hesitation, sent one of his 5 sons — Zannanza — to Egypt, who was killed on the way to Egypt. Ay ascended the throne of Egypt, but not for long. Suppiluliuma was outraged and successfully fought against Pharaoh Horemheb, but was forced to halt the campaign in Egypt due to an epidemic, from which both Suppiluliuma himself and his eldest son — Arnuwanda II — died.
Arnuwandas II. Arnuwanda — the eldest son of Great Suppiluliuma. Died, like his father, from the plague.
Mursilis II. Mursili — one of the younger sons of Suppiluliumas I. The plague rages in Hatti, unrest in the West. Mursili fought for a long time in the North with the Kaskian king Pihhuniyas, and in the East — with the king of Haysa, Anniyas. In a campaign against the mountainous Kaskian country of Asarpai, which controlled the routes to Pala, he wins, but all his campaigns against the Kaskians are little effective. Only after 10 years did he manage to capture the strongholds of Aripsa (on the Black Sea coast) and Tukkama. Mursilis successfully fights with Arzawa in the West and appoints his own man as its king. Regular contacts arise with Ahhiyawa, which had a powerful fleet (the Hittites did not have a fleet and avoided settling on the coast) and attacked the coastal and island vassals of Hatti. Mursili? destroyed Millawanda (Miletus) — the Ahhiyawa bridgehead in Anatolia. The Hittite king was for the Achaeans "the great charioteer"; their kings sent their sons to Hattusa to learn the art of chariotry. The king of Wilusa — Alaksandu (c. 1300 BC) — appears in the Hatti chronicles. However, the situation in the West was secondary for Mursilis. After the death of the viceroy of Carchemish, Piyassili, Syria revolted, and in the 9th year of his reign, Mursilis pacified the rebels and placed the son of the deceased viceroy on the throne in Carchemish, defeated the country of Aravarna. The Assyrian army approached the bank of the Euphrates. Mursilis had to expel from the palace and strip the title of the Tawananna (queen dowager) who was intriguing against him, a Babylonian by blood.
Muwatallis. Around 1300 BC, Muwatallis destroyed Millawanda (Miletus). The terrible invasion of the Kaskians and the need to be closer to the front with Egypt forced Muwatallis to move the capital of Hatti beyond the Taurus mountains — to Tarhuntassa (not found, but lay south of Taurus near the city of Adana). The old capital — Hattusa — was subordinate to the king's brother — the viceroy of the North, Hattusili, whose residence was the city of Hakpissa on the northern border of the country — the headquarters of the army fighting the Kaskians. Hattusilis managed to defeat the Kaskians and turn them into his federates. Detachments of Kaskians were accepted into service in his army, and then sent to the South — to help his brother-king who was fighting Egypt. 1296 (90,85,75) — at Kadesh (near modern Homs), Muwatalli and Ramesses II measured their strength. Ramesses' 20-thousand-strong army (mostly Nubians) with 2500 chariots was almost defeated by Muwatalli's 30-thousand-strong army with 3500 chariots (consisting of Hittites, Kaskians, Philistines, Dardanians). Hittite chariots were qualitatively different from Egyptian ones; moreover, the Hittites also had iron weapons, which the Egyptians did not have. Although the battle ended in a draw, Kadesh remained in the hands of the Hittites, and the country of Amurru, captured by Ramesses before this, passed back to Hatti, and Muwatallis, having displaced the former dynast, put his own man in charge. The prestige of Hatti after Kadesh grew. The war with Egypt continued for another 18 years. During the wars with Egypt, the Assyrian king Adad-nirari I (1307-1274) attacked Hatti's vassal Mitanni, defeated the king of Mitanni, Shattuara I, and made him his tributary. The king of Mitanni, Wasashatta, son of Shattuara I, again lost the war to Adad-nirari I and was deposed by the latter. Assyria annexed all of Mitanni up to the great bend of the Euphrates and approached Hittite Carchemish. After the death of Adad-nirari, the Mitannians revolted, with the support of Hatti, and proclaimed Shattuara II as king. The king of Assyria, Shulmanu-ashed I (1274-1244), son of Adad-nirari, defeated the Mitannians, devastated 180 cities, and forever erased Mitanni from the map.
Mursilis III. Mursili, before assuming the throne name — Urhi-Teshub. Returned the capital to Hattusa. Deprived his uncle Hattusilis of the viceroyalty, provoking him to revolt, which ended with the siege of Samuha, where Mursilis had taken refuge. Surrendered to his uncle, was deposed by him and exiled to Syria. After an attempt to regain the throne, he again fell into the hands of his uncle and was exiled "toward the sea," possibly to Cyprus. Fled to Egypt, where he died.
Hattusilis III. Younger son of Mursili II, younger brother of King Muwatallis, under whom he was viceroy of the North. Successfully fought the Kaskians and recaptured the sacred city of Nerik from them. Married the priestess Pudu-Hepa — the daughter of a priest from Kizzuwatna. Even during his royal brother's lifetime, he arbitrarily sheltered the ex-king of Amurru, the traitor Bentesina, because of whom the two empires met in battle at Kadesh, and even married one of his sons to his daughter. He openly rebelled against Mursilis III, when he effectively deprived him of the viceroyalty, and overthrew him from the throne, finally making the deposed king the ruler of the distant Syrian province of Nuhashshe. After an attempt to regain the throne, the poor fellow was exiled somewhere "toward the sea." 1270(1258) — Hittite-Egyptian peace treaty, by signing which Egypt recognized its defeat. The treaty was not violated by either empire until the collapse of Hatti. 13 years later, the treaty was sealed by the marriage of Ramesses II and the Hittite princess Naptera, who became the main wife of the Pharaoh. Hatti stretched from the Black Sea in the North to Beirut in the South, from the Aegean Sea in the West to the Euphrates in the East. Hattusilis concluded an anti-Assyrian pact with Babylu.
Tuthaliyas IV. Tuthaliya — son of Hattusilis III. At the beginning of his reign, Hatti's position was stable. In the West, clashes with Arzawa and Ahhiyawa, and in the East with Assyria. In the West, Tuthaliya conquered the country of Assuwa (Asia). In the South, with the support of the fleet of Syrian cities, the island of Alasiya (Cyprus) was captured — the largest producer of copper in the region and the only overseas possession of Hatti. The flourishing of Hittite art. About 1400 cities of Hatti are known (archaeologists have not found a dozen). Tuthaliyas adopted the title Sarsisati (King of everything, i.e., the Oikumene) — a calque of the Assyrian title. He took Miletus — the outpost of Ahhiyawa in Anatolia. The counterstrike of the Achaeans fell on Hatti's vassal — Wilusa (Ilium)/Tarupsa (Troy), which was devastated during the Trojan War of Ahhaya with Hatti. In the "Odyssey," the hero of the Keteians (Hittites), Eurypylus son of Telephus (Telepinu) and Priam's sister Astyoche, killed by Neoptolemus, is mentioned.
Arnuwandas III. Arnuwanda — son of Tuthaliyas IV. Under him, Madduwatta, king of Zippasla (in Western Anatolia), who had received the "mountain country of Zippasla" as a gift from Tuthaliya, rebelled, captured Arzawa, and attacked Alasiya. Many vassals in the West revolted, and in the East, a certain Mita raised a rebellion.
Suppiluliumas II. Suppiluliuma II — also son of Tuthaliya and brother of Arnuwanda. Under him, dynastic disputes in the royal family began again, turmoil, and also the Phrygians invaded Western Anatolia, the "Sea Peoples" invaded Syria, and the Achaeans captured Alasiya (Cyprus). Suppiluliuma II's campaign in Alasiya, three naval battles, landing on the island, and a land battle. What happened next is unknown. Change in trade routes due to turbulent events in the Mediterranean. Famine in the north of the country and new raids by the Kaskians. The collapse of the Empire. Around 1200 BC, Suppiluliuma II and the townspeople leave Hattusa. Where they went is unknown.
Around 1180 BC, the Phrygians reached the East and Southeast of Anatolia. The consequences of the Phrygian (Thracian) invasion were catastrophic — between 1200 and 800 BC, archaeologists find almost no settlements. The country turned into a desert. Possibly after the fall of Hatti and before the emergence of the Phrygian kingdom, there was not a single city in Central Anatolia. After the collapse of Hatti, 3 relatively large successor kingdoms formed: Carchemish, Tarhuntassa (south of Taurus — not found), and Mira. The capital of the latter lay near Abasa (Greek Ephesus, Hittite Apasa). Many refugees from Northern Anatolia gathered in these kingdoms. By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, there were several Hittite principalities in Syria and the Southern Taurus (Kummuh, Hatti, etc.), of which the most famous is Carchemish, which became a tributary of Assyria at the beginning of the 9th century. The king of Assyria, Tiglath-Pileser III (745-727), annexed part of the Hittite lands without resistance. Another Assyrian, Sargon II, conquered Hamat, Gurgum, Kummuh (Commagene), Carchemish, Tabal in 720-709 BC. Until the beginning of our era, Hitto-Luwian languages — Lycian and Lydian (related to Greek, Italian, Celtic, and Germanic languages) — were preserved in the West and South of Anatolia.
After the pogrom perpetrated by the Thracian tribes in the former lands of the Hittite Empire, dominance over Anatolia north of Taurus passed to the Thracian tribe of the Phrygians (Mushki). Only after 4 centuries, in the 8th century, the Phrygians created their kingdom, which included the Lydians living in the lands of Arzawa and apparently (if the localization is correct) Mira (one of the 3 heirs of Hatti). In 714-696 BC, the Phrygian king Midas could not withstand the onslaught of the Cimmerians, eventually committing suicide. Lydia became a tributary of the Cimmerians — the new masters of Anatolia. In 680 BC, at the insistence of the Mysian princess Tudo — the wife of the Lydian king Candaules — the aristocrat Gyges from the House of Mermnads killed the king and, marrying the widow, founded a new dynasty. In 661 BC, in alliance with the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (669-630), Gyges defeated the Cimmerians and won independence, but 16 years later, in 645 BC, the Cimmerians again invaded Lydia, destroyed its capital Sardis, and killed Gyges. His son Ardys (645-624 BC) survived, again strengthened his power, captured the Ionian city of Priene, and began a war with another Ionian polis — Miletus. His successors — Sadyattes (624-610 BC) and Alyattes (610-560 BC) — continued the wars with the Ionian Greeks, but only Croesus (560-547 BC) managed to subdue Ionia and Aeolis. He also defeated the Phrygian king Gordias and annexed Phrygia, taking historical revenge. In 547 BC, Lydia was conquered by the Persians.
Connections:
- With the and proto-Cimmerians and Thracians. []
- Through the presence of G2a with the Megalithic cultures of Europe.
- With the .
- With the megalithic structures.
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