arshba.ru

A regional Epipaleolithic culture that existed in the Negev Desert. Andy Burns dates the Harifian culture to around 8800–8200 BC. Its distribution area is Sinai and the Negev. It is synchronous with the final stages of the Natufian culture and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A. Like the Natufian culture, the Harifian is characterized by semi-subterranean dwellings. These dwellings are usually more complex in architecture and decoration than Natufian ones. For the first time in this territory, arrowheads appear among the stone inventory. Microlithic points are a characteristic feature of the Harifian industry, including the innovation of Harifian-type points. Ofer Bar-Yosef (Bar-Yosef 1998) believes that their presence indicates the complication of hunting methods. In shape, the microliths are lunate, isosceles and other triangles, worked with retouching. Several lunate microliths of the Helwan type have also been found. This industry is completely different from the industry of the desert Natufian culture, whose inventory completely lacks triangular points.

Two main groups are distinguished within the Harifian culture. The first consisted of ephemeral camps in northern Sinai and the western Negev Desert, where stone points make up to 88% of all microliths, along with a few lunates and triangles. The second group consists of base camps and small hearths in the Negev Desert, and in its inventory lunate microliths and triangles predominate over arrowheads. These groups represent rather a functional specialization than a chronological difference. The presence of Khiamian-type points at a number of sites indicates connections with other territories of prehistoric Levant."

The Harifian culture maintained close ties with the Late Mesolithic cultures of the Fayum and the Eastern Deserts of Egypt, whose stone tool inventory is similar to the Harifian. Juris Zarins suggested that this culture later adopted pastoralism from the neighboring Pre-Pottery Neolithic B culture, which led to the emergence of the Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex — a group of cultures that adopted nomadic pastoralism, from which, probably, the Proto-Semitic language spread across the region.

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

Presumed place of origin: Mesopotamia

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 8.6%.

More about haplogroup J2a1b (M67)

Образцы mtDNA мезолита
Hg	N	R0/HV	H	V	J	T	U	(U2)	(U3)	(U4)	(U5)	K	I	W	X	Другие
N=41	2	0	4	1	0	1	32	(0)	(0)	(11)	(21)	1	0	0	0	0
%	5%	0%	10%	2.5%	0%	2.5%	78%	0%	0%	27%	51%	2.5%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Страны	Россия, Литва, Польша, Германия, Швеция, Люксембург, Англия, Испания, Португалия, Венгрия, Украина ...
Источники	8500—4500 гг. до н. э. - Совтерская, Тарденуазская и соседние культуры. Chandler 2005, Delsate 2009, Hervella 2012; 9500—3500 гг. до н. э. - Маглемозе, Конгемозе, Кундская, Нарвская, Неманская и соседние культуры. Bramanti 2009; 6000—1000 гг. до н. э. - Культуры линейно-ленточной керамики и ямная. Haak & Reich 2014; 3200—2000 гг. до н. э. - Культура ямочной керамики. Malmstrom 2009;

All ancient DNA of Europe


Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups of Abkhazians
Data from LITVINOV 2007

Population: Abkhazians
Ethnic group: Abkhazians
Geographic location: Abkhazia, various regions
Sample size: 137
Haplogroups: H: 23.4, X: 9.5, U3: 7.3, U5: 7.3, U1a: 5.8, C 5.8, R*: 5.8, U4: 5.1, W: 5.1, K: 3.7, T1a: 3.7, D: 2.9, I: 2.2, U2e: 2.2, U2d: 1.5, HV*: 1.5, HV1: 1.5, J1: 1.5, A: 0.7, F: 0.7, M*: 0.7, M1: 0.7, T*: 0.7, U1b: 0.7

More about Mitochondrial DNA of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

G (M201) is found in modern Lebanon.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

Based on radiocarbon dating, scientists have established that volcanic activity of Elbrus occurred in 33180±700 and 21000±120 BC, and in the Holocene (late stage of the post-caldera cycle) it resumed several times — 8150±40, 6520±50, 6200±120, 5120±21 BC ^[1]. According to other estimates, the last strong eruption of the volcano occurred in the I–II centuries AD and a less intense one 900 years ago ^[2]. Volcanic ash from an ancient eruption of Elbrus (about 45 thousand years ago — Heinrich event 5), in particular, was discovered by an international team of scientists during research of Mezmaiskaya Cave.

Notes:

^[1] Geological structure of Mount Elbrus and problems of its age. Gazeev
^[2] Global Volcanism Programm

J-Z35831 (J-Y27964) split from J-SK1314 8,050 BC, MRCA 7,450 BC > J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

Abkhazia 5%, Adygea 3%, Georgia 2%, Kabardino-Balkaria 1%, Karachay-Cherkessia 1%