arshba.ru

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Excavations: the territory of the Lower Don with the center in the Bolshaya Orlovka area. The task was to identify nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable regions HVS-1, HVS-2, HVS-3 of mtDNA, followed by determination of the haplogroup of individuals and predictions of migration routes. As a result, male haplogroup G2 was found in 6 samples and female haplogroup I in 6 samples.

In the North Caucasus, with which the Don Alans are associated by origin, G2 occurs among the modern population in two branches. Among representatives of the Iranian linguistic group (Ossetians), G2a1 predominates, while for speakers of the Adyghe-Abkhazian linguistic group (Abkhazians, Adyghe, Shapsugs, Circassians, Kabardians, Abazins), G2a3 is characteristic. To a much lesser extent, G2a is recorded among representatives of the Central Caucasian Turkic-speaking (Karachays, Balkars) and Nakh (Ingush, Chechens) peoples (Nasidze, 2004; Dibirova, 2011; Balanovsky, 2012). More details.

Periodically, the Zikhs occupied or settled the Kerch Peninsula, where their toponymic and epigraphic traces are preserved in large numbers. In a number of Byzantine sources [8th–9th centuries], the Eastern Crimea is called Zikhia. The influence of the Zikh church also penetrated here. A.V. Gadlo noted that in certain periods, especially in the 7th–10th centuries, the Eastern Crimean eparchies of Cherson, Bosporus [Kerch?] and Sugdea were called Zikh and were part of the Zikh Archbishopric with its center in Nicopsis [Gagra?], and in the 10th century — in Tamatarkha [Tmutarakan – modern Taman].


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Sherkesh tribe is one of the main tribal divisions of the Kazakhs of the Junior Zhuz, part of the tribal union Baiuly. Baiuly (literally — "rich in offspring") is a tribal union that included 12 "ru" (clans): Sherkesh, Adai, Altyn, Alasha, Bersh, Kyzylkurt, Esentimir, Maskar, Taz, Tana. According to folk genealogical traditions, the Sherkesh are direct descendants of Alshyn, son of the progenitor of the Junior Zhuz Bekarys, who in turn was the youngest son of the legendary Kazakh. According to modern researchers, the Sherkesh are descendants of the medieval Naimans, as indicated by the outlines of their clan tamgas, which go back to the common Naiman tamga. The Sherkesh clan has a long history. Their ancestors migrated from Mongolia to the territory of the North Caucasus and the Don region in the 8th–9th centuries together with the Berish, Yssyk, Tana, Tama, Alasha and other clans belonging to the Baiuly union. In the 11th century, the Sherkesh became part of the Cumans.

The formation of the Abkhazian and Georgian ethnic groups (the Abkhazian Kingdom).

At the end of the 7th century, the Arabs invaded Western Transcaucasia and, reaching Apsilia, placed their garrisons there. In 780, Mingrelia and the south of Apsilia, which had suffered greatly from the invaders, were liberated from the Arabs. However, the Arabs were completely expelled from these lands only in the middle of the 9th century. At the same time, most of the Arabs, as in other captured regions, were assimilated with the local population. The capital of Abkhazia was also moved to the lands of Mingrelia. Kutaisi was founded. More details.

The earliest written monuments attested on the territory of modern Abkhazia are monuments of Greek script. It began to spread even before our era, in the ancient period. A number of Greek trading settlements appeared on the coast of Abkhazia, among which the most famous were Dioscurias (near Sukhumi) (this city is mentioned in the Greek myth of the Argonauts, recorded, in particular, by Apollonius of Rhodes), Gyenos (near Ochamchire) and others. Monuments of Greek script date back to the first centuries AD. Leaving aside the Greek coins with inscriptions that were discovered during archaeological excavations (especially in Sukhumi and Pitsunda), we can also point to epigraphic and other inscriptions that arose already on local soil. Such most ancient monuments of Greek script include inscriptions on the Sukhumi clay lamp, the Bichvinta (Pitsunda. — V.B.) mosaic and the seal of an Abkhazian ruler. One of the inscriptions (the decipherment and dating of the inscriptions were made by T.S. Kaukchishvili) on the lamp (1st century) reads: "Stranger, worship the lord Hermes-Mercury (the deity of trade and patron of travelers. — V.B.) for salvation." And in the surviving fragments of the inscription on the Pitsunda mosaic (5th–7th centuries) there are lines from the "Apocalypse of John" ("I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, says the Lord..."). This is in one part of the fragment, and in the other surviving part: "In prayer for Orel and for all his house." On the pendant seal of the Abkhazian king of the 8th century, we find the inscription "Konstantinos Abasgias" (Constantine of Abasgia).


From the History of Writing in Abkhazia. Kh.S. Bgazhba. 1967

Son of Leon II. During his reign, the covert struggle for possession of Kartli by neighboring rulers intensified. Finally, the ruler of Kakheti, Grigol, captured Kartli. In response, the Abkhazian king Theodosius II helped the ruler of Tao-Klarjeti, his father-in-law Ashot Kurpalates. They defeated Grigol in the battle on the Ksani River. Grigol of Kakheti, on whose side the highlanders and the emir of Tiflis had come out, fled, and Kartli passed to Ashot Kurpalates.

Although Theodosius himself did not openly claim or could not claim Kartli, such a significant and effective participation of the Abkhazian king in the eastern feuds strengthened the role of the Abkhazian Kingdom and opened up prospects for subsequent advancement in this direction.

The Byzantine emperor Theophilus, and then his son Michael III, sent punitive expeditions against the Abkhazians in 831–833. At the same time, they called on the emir of Tiflis, Ishak ibn Ismail, for help. However, their troops suffered defeat from the Abkhazians.
In 819, Theodosius II built the city of Chikhori. He also built the city of Khoni and the Khoni Cathedral.

Theodosius II died childless. He was succeeded by his brother Demetrius.


Materials:

All rulers of Abkhazia

Abkhazian Kingdom. 786 CE
Anthroponymic repertoire of the "Divan of the Abkhazian kings". G. A. Amichba
Chronicle of the Abkhazian kings. F. Jordania 1902
Bgazhba O. Kh., Lakoba S. Z. History of Abkhazia from ancient times to the present day. 2007
Culture and ideology of early medieval Abkhazia (5th–10th centuries). Amichba 1999
"History of Abkhazia in dates". T. A. Achugba 2011
Circumnavigation of the Euxine Sea. Flavius Arrian
Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder 77–79. Latin-English 1969
Reports of ancient Greek and Latin writers about Scythia and the Caucasus. Latyshev 1947
Constantine Porphyrogenitus. On the Administration of the Empire: Text, translation, commentary. Litavrin 1991