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Ishkuz, or the Scythian Kingdom (Akkadian: ašguza, Ancient Greek: Σκύθης, Hebrew: ‏'škwz‏‎‎‎) — a state formation created by the Scythians within the Eastern Transcaucasia (modern Republic of Azerbaijan and partly Iranian Azerbaijan) on the northern and partially southern banks of the Araks River from the end of the 7th to the 6th centuries BC.

The country occupied by the Scythians bordered the Medes to the southeast, the Mannaean kingdom to the south, and the Kingdom of Van to the west. It did not border Assyria anywhere. The territory of the kingdom was approximately between the northern tip of Lake Urmia (Iranian Azerbaijan) and the Kura River, probably covering the Mil Steppe. It is assumed that the official Median name for the core of the Scythian Kingdom was Sakasena (Iranian: *Saka-ŝayana — "inhabited territory of the Sakas") or Shakashen (Armenian: Շակաշեն — Shakashen, Greek and Latin: Sakasena) — a historical region on the territory of modern Azerbaijan. At the beginning of the 2nd century BC, it was annexed to Greater Armenia, becoming a gavar (county) of the nahang (province) of Utik; during the division of Greater Armenia in 387, it passed to Caucasian Albania, a vassal of Persia.

It was located on the southern bank of the middle course of the Kura, north of Artsakh and northwest of Utik proper. Roughly corresponds to the area from modern Ganja to Mingachevir. More details.

Greek colonization of the Black Sea and Azov regions. In the Western Caucasus, from Taman to the Pharz River, the Cimmerian tribe was located, displaced by the Scythians from the Northern Black Sea region.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Thracians (Ancient Greek: Θρᾳκός; Latin: Thraci) — an ancient people who inhabited the east of the Balkans and adjacent territories. They spoke the Thracian language, which is classified as Indo-European. Judging by the preserved isoglosses, the Thracians are close to the Balts.

The first information about the Thracians in Greek sources dates to the 8th–6th centuries BC. Already in the 5th century BC, the Greeks called the tribes living on the territory of modern Romania, who spoke one of the dialects of the Thracian language, Getae, and later the Romans called them Dacians.

The question of the origin of the Thracians is complex. Some scholars hold the view that the ancestors of the Thracians were tribes that came in the Bronze Age from the northern Danube regions to Southeastern Europe (and in particular to the territory of modern Bulgaria); others believe that the Thracians were a local indigenous population, not newcomers. There is a view that the southern Thracian group of tribes formed as a result of the mixing of ancient aborigines — proto-Thracians — with the Geto-Dacians related to them who appeared here from the north from the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. More details.

The Heniochi appear — an alliance of tribes that inhabited the Caucasian coast of the Pontus Euxinus (modern Black Sea) between the Zygii and Achaei to the north and the Sanegae to the south. The main area of localization is the region of Pitiunt. Part of the Heniochi advanced into Asia Minor, to the region of Trebizond. Some ancient authors also called the Heniochi a Caucasian tribe that lived in the mountains northwest of the Albanians (i.e., in the foothills of the North Caucasus). More details.

According to the results of lexico-statistical reconstruction of the evolution of Kartvelian languages, Klimov 1959 ^[1], the divergence of Proto-Georgian and Zan (Laz, Megrelian) languages began around 800 BC.


^[1] On the glottochronological method of dating the breakup of the proto-language. Klimov 1959

The Maeotians appear — a Sarmatian tribe that occupied the plains of the North Caucasus. Ancient and medieval authors used the name 'Maeotians' as a collective term for the tribes of the eastern and southeastern coast of Maeotis (modern Sea of Azov). More details.

The Scythians appear — a collective name for Iranian tribes related to the Sauromatians, Massagetae and Sakas. They were located in the regions of Central Asia, then began to advance to the North Caucasus and from there to the territory of the Northern Black Sea region. More details.

In Fig. 1, using the example of comparing the genetic mixtures of Adyghe and Georgians, the arrival of Scythian tribes to the Caucasus and their mixing with the local descendants of the Cimmerians is quite clearly visible. More details.

Scythian-Sarmatian languages 8th century BC — 5th century AD

The Tibareni appear — non-Indo-European Caucasian tribes along the course of the Kyros River (modern Kura), on the coast of the Pontus Euxinus (modern Black Sea) west of the Mossynoeci, east and north of the Chalybes with the city of Cotyora (modern Ordu). It is believed that after the fall of the Hittite state, some of the Tibareni migrated to the mountainous region of Eastern Cappadocia and to Thrace, where they became known as Triballi. More details.

J2: Etruscans. Migrating from Anatolia or some Aegean islands, the Etruscans settled in Italy, Tuscany and brought with them haplogroups E1b1b, G2a, J2 and R1b-L23.


Sources:

Y-DNA haplogroups of ancient civilizations. Maciamo Hay 2008

Kazbek is an extinct stratovolcano, the easternmost five-thousander of the Caucasus, located in the eastern part of the Central Caucasus, on the border of Russia and Georgia, in the eastern part of the Khokh Range. The last eruption occurred in 750 BC ^[1]

In 2004, volcanic ash was discovered in Mezmaiskaya Cave, attributed to the eruption of Kazbek, which by geological standards occurred synchronously with the supereruption of the Phlegraean Fields in Italy and the eruption of Mount St. Anna in the Southern Carpathians about 40 thousand years ago, which caused the onset of a "volcanic winter" and became the cause of Neanderthal extinction.


Notes:

^[1] Global Volcanism Programm

The Arimaspi expelled the Issedones from their country, then the Issedones displaced the Scythians, and the Cimmerians, who lived by the Southern Sea (Akhshaina — the Black Sea), left their homeland under the pressure of the Scythians. ^{[Herodotus. History]}

Let us now try to translate the mysterious passage from Herodotus about the beginning of the Asian migration wave into modern language: "The narrow-eyed (may all the Mongoloids of the world forgive me) expelled the Proto-Xiongnu-Karasuk people from their country, then the ancestors of the Xiongnu displaced the Scythians, and the Cimmerians, under the pressure of the Scythians, left their country." ^{[Kolomiycev 2005]}

337–345
From Ocean and Tethys came the swift-flowing children,
The rivers Nile and Alpheus with deep-eddying Eridanus,
Also Strymon and Maeander with beautiful-flowing Ister, Phasis and Rhesus, silver-deep-eddying and swift Achelous,
Nessus, Haliaemon, and after them Heptaporus and Rhodius,
Granicus with Simois, the divine stream, and Aesepus,
Rivers Hermus and Peneus, and beautiful-flowing Caicus,
And the great stream Sangarius, and Parthenius, and Ladon,
Swift Evenus and Ardescus with the sacred river Scamander.

956–962
Circe was born to the light by Oceanus's daughter Perseis to tireless Helius, and also Aeetes the lord.
King Aeetes, the famous son of radiant Helius,
Took as his wife Idyia, the fair-cheeked maiden,
Daughter of Oceanus, the perfect river, obeying the gods.
She gave him Medea, the fair-ankled maiden,
Yielding to the power of Aphrodite's charms in his passionate love.

992–999
The maiden, daughter of lord Aeetes, nurtured by Zeus, heeding the counsel of the immortal gods, was stolen from Aeetes
By the noble son of Aeson, having completed many tearful labors; Much did the lord super-powerful command him to accomplish,
Pelia the arrogant, filled with impious thoughts and deeds.
Having accomplished them and suffered many woes, to Iolcus
Arrived on his swift ship the son of Aeson with the sharp-eyed
Maiden and made that maiden his flourishing wife.

Fragment 68
Pseudo-Eratosthenes, "Star Transformations," 19.
The Ram. This is the ram that carried off Phrixus and Helle. It was immortal and given to Phrixus and Helle by their mother Nephele. This ram had a golden fleece, as Hesiod and Pherecydes say.

Fragment 241
Herodorus in the "Argonauts" says that they returned by the same sea by which they arrived to the Colchians, but Hecataeus of Miletus says that through the Phasis they entered the Ocean, from there into the Nile. And from there into our sea. Artemidorus of Ephesus says that this is an idle invention, since the Phasis does not communicate with the Ocean, but flows from the mountains: His opinion is followed by Timagetes in the first book "On Harbors" and Apollonius. Hesiod, Pindar in the "Pythian Odes" and Antimachus in the "Lydian" say that they arrived in Libya and, carrying the Argo on their hands, reached our sea.
...
That the Argonauts entered our sea by this river (Ister), no one reports except Timagetes, whom Apollonius follows. Scymnus says that by the Tanais they entered the Great Sea, and from there into our sea. At the same time, they add that, having landed on the mainland, the Argonauts dragged the Argo on rollers to the very sea. Hesiod says that they sailed along the Phasis. Hecataeus, however, refuting Hesiod, says that the Phasis does not flow into the sea, and that the Argonauts also did not enter the sea by the Tanais, but returned by the same road. Examining these reports, Artemidorus says that the Phasis does not flow into the sea.


Material:

Hesiod. Complete Collection of Texts. Theogony. Works and Days. The Shield of Heracles. Fragments. 2001