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The Ertebølle culture or EBK is a Northern European sub-Neolithic culture centered in southern Scandinavia. Genetically related to the cultures of northern Germany and the Netherlands. Named after the localization of a settlement discovered near the Danish settlement of Ertebølle on the shore of the Limfjord.

In the 1960s–1970s, a related culture was studied in the Netherlands, near the village of Swifterbant. However, the Swifterbant culture, which existed simultaneously with the EBK (5300–3400 BC), is transitional from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic, rather than purely Mesolithic or sub-Neolithic, since its bearers combined fishing, hunting and gathering with animal husbandry and grain cultivation, probably borrowed from the Linear Pottery culture tribes settled near Limburg. The earliest layers of the Swifterbant culture date to 5600 BC, and its burials from this period are identical to those found in Ertebølle.

Representatives of the Ertebølle culture were the first in Europe to domesticate pigs 7,000 years ago.

The EBK developed on the basis of the previously existing Scandinavian Kongemose culture. To the north, it bordered other Mesolithic cultures of Scandinavia. Two phases of the EBK are distinguished: early (5300–4500 BC) and late (4500–3950 BC). Beginning around 4100 BC, the EBK spread along the shores of the Baltic Sea to the east, at least as far as the island of Rügen, but was then suddenly replaced by the Funnelbeaker culture, which later also included the Swifterbant culture. There is no evidence of its conquest by new arrivals, so the bearers of the EBK may have constituted at least part of the population of the Funnelbeaker culture.

The skulls of representatives of the Ertebølle culture are often characterized as Cro-Magnon-like, since they were massive and had pronounced brow ridges, and also had very wide faces — their bizygomatic width was about 154–157 mm.

The Impressed Ware culture, or Cardial/Cardium Ware culture, is a decorative style of the Neolithic era. The name comes from the practice of impressing the shells of the cockle, Cardium edulis, into pottery. Some archaeologists use the alternative name "Printed-Cardium Pottery" or "Impressed Ware," since impressions other than Cardium are also found.

Y-chromosome haplogroup E3b is found in small numbers in the areas where this culture is distributed. Due to the wide maritime contacts of this culture, however, this group may also be found among modern peoples whose ancestors did not belong to this culture — in particular, among the Basques and Pasiegos. In addition, in the 2nd millennium BC, descendants of this culture actively mixed with representatives of Balkan and Asia Minor cultures, and later with Indo-European newcomers.

According to an alternative hypothesis, Cardial Ware is associated with haplogroup J2, whose distribution in Europe covers almost the entire Cardial Ware region. The maximum concentration of J2 in Europe, however, is observed in Crete, where Cardial Ware has never been found. More details.

• G2a among representatives of the Impressed Ware culture (Spain and Southern France), in the Caucasus and Anatolia.
• J (M304) in Anatolia.

Sources:

Maciamo Hay
Ancient DNA

An Abadzekh legend tells of a natural disaster that befell their ancestors sometime after the turn of the 6th–5th millennium BC and forced a large part of the people (apparently the plain-dwelling agriculturalists) to move to Asia Minor. This may refer to the eruptions of Elbrus (6200±120 and 5120±21 BC) and the Bosphorus breach in 5600 BC.

The comparison of the listed and other data (folklore, archaeological and anthropological) allows us to consider the people buried in the Unakozovskaya Cave (an old man with three children) as representatives of the North Caucasian Hattians-Khattuns, who possibly left to escape famine for Asia Minor and eventually arrived at the Euphrates in 3750 BC under the leadership of Uar-Khatu. More details.

G2a (P15) and G2a2b (S126) in Starčevo, Serbia.


Sources:

Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization. Szécsényi-Nagy 2014

An archaeological culture that existed in the South Caucasus (the territory of modern Azerbaijan, Georgia and the Armenian Highlands) in the Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods. Dated approximately 6000–4000 BC. It emerged shortly after the sharp cooling of 6200 BC, which lasted about two centuries. Named after the settlements of Shulaveri Gora in Georgia and Shomutepe (Shomu Hill) in Azerbaijan. Archaeological excavations at Shulaveris Gora and Imiris Gora were conducted by the Kvemo Kartli Joint Archaeological Expedition of the State Museum of Georgia and Tbilisi State University under the direction of Professor O. M. Japaridze in 1965–1966. The Shulaveri-Shomu culture precedes the Kura–Araxes culture, which existed in the South Caucasus and adjacent regions of the Middle East around 4000–2200 BC, and which later significantly influenced the subsequent Trialeti culture (ca. 2200–1500 BC). The Sioni culture in Eastern Georgia was probably transitional from Shulaverian to Kura–Araxes. The Shulaveri-Shomu culture, like the neighboring Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures of the South Caucasus, used local obsidian for tool production, engaged in cattle breeding (cattle, pigs), and cultivated crops, including grapes. Many characteristic features of the material culture of Shulaveri-Shomu (round mud-brick buildings, pottery with plastic decorations, anthropomorphic female figurines, obsidian tools — predominantly elongated prismatic knives) are thought to have originated from the cultures of the Near Eastern Neolithic (Hassuna, Halaf).

G (M201) and J (M304) are localized in Hassuna, Mesopotamia.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

Many researchers believe that in 5600 BC, the water level of the Black Sea rose once again after the melting of ice from the last ice age, which possibly led to colossal pressure on tectonic plates at the bottom, causing the breach of the Bosphorus bridge and the formation of the strait. It is believed that the level rose up to 80 m, and this led to the flooding of the entire coastal area of the Black Sea basin. The difference in density between the ocean waters and the fresh waters of the Black Sea, combined with the largest number of rivers in the world flowing into the Black Sea, apparently led to catastrophic whirlpools, currents and tsunamis. The current state of the Black Sea also speaks of its recent freshwater past, and its murky waters testify to a still-unsettled bio-balance.


Materials:

Life of the Black Sea. Vershinin 2007
THE GREAT FLOOD. HOW IT CHANGED PEOPLE'S LIVES. G. ALEKSANDROVSKY 2014

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

Presumed place of origin: Southeastern Europe

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 0.6%.

More about haplogroup I-P37.2