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Hecataeus of Miletus, describing Thrace, mentioned among 12 tribes the tribe of "Sinti" [Sindians]. Also among the Thracians there was a powerful tribe "Maedi" [Maidi, Met, Maeot... the famous gladiator Spartacus (Sparadok) was a Thracian from the Maedi tribe].


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Sarmatians — (10th century BC: Aorsi — Don region, Alans — Eastern Caucasus, Roxolani — north of the Azov region, Siraces — Kuban region, Iazyges — west of the Azov region). An alliance of nomadic pastoral tribes (Alans, Roxolani, Iazyges and others). In the 6th–4th centuries BC, they lived in the territory from the Tobol River to the Volga River. In the 3rd century BC, they displaced the Scythians from the Northern Black Sea region. They waged wars with the states of Transcaucasia and Rome. In the 4th century AD, they were defeated by the Huns.

More about the Sarmatians.

Bunturks (bunturks) — in ancient Georgian sources, they are referred to as one of the oldest inhabitants of Transcaucasia. More details.

According to Khudaverdyan 2012, craniological and dental studies reveal a direct kinship connection between subjects from the following burial grounds: 2000—1500 BC — 99 Proto-Cimmerians, Volga-Ural region, Spiridonovka II, Rozhdestveno I. Abashevo culture. Figure 2; 1800—1100 BC — 144 Ukraine, Shirochansky. Thracians, Cimmerians. Timber-grave and Belozersk cultures. Figures 2, 3; 1100—600 BC — 20 Georgia, Mtskheta, Samtavro, Tserovani. Figures 2, 3; 600—300 BC — 129 Mouth of the Don, Beglitsa. Scythians, Maeotians. Judging by the Abkhaz-Adyghe G2a2b predominant in the Northern Black Sea region before the Caucasian War, there are direct grounds to consider G2a2b as one of the main haplogroups of the Maeotian tribes.

From the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, related nomadic tribes of Iranian-speaking Sarmatians penetrate into the Ciscaucasia. The peoples included in this alliance constantly fought internecine clashes for power in the alliance. This led to the fragmentation of the Sarmatians into separate, warring groups. The largest known of these groups are the Aorsi, Siraces, Alans, Roxolani, and Iazyges. In the Kuban and Eastern Azov regions, the "Maeotian culture" is formed.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The founding of Greek colonies in Abkhazia: Dioscurias – Sukhum, Esher settlement, Gyenos – Ochamchire. The famous Dioscurias was founded (according to legend) by immigrants from the Asia Minor city of Miletus, the twin brothers Polydeuces and Castor. The ideological support for colonization was the Greek myth of the legendary campaign of the Argonauts for the "Golden Fleece" to Colchis. Greek colonization contributed to the growth of foreign trade, the spread of foreign currency, and the growth of labor productivity. According to ancient sources, the cities of Dioscurias and Phasis were founded by the Greeks on the land of the Heniochi.


Materials:

"History of Abkhazia in Dates." T.A. Achugba 2011

More details.

The Kerkets appear — a numerous tribe, located on the northeastern coast of the Pontus Euxinus (modern Black Sea) and in the foothills of the North Caucasus. The neighbors of the Kerkets were the Heniochi and Moschi. Researchers connect the name of the Kerkets with the modern Circassians. More details.

The Laz appear — tribes associated with the region of Old Lazica in the northern corner of Colchis, between the Phasis and Baphis rivers; their main city of Archaeopolis lay on a steep cliff by the Phasis. In the 4th–5th centuries, the name of this tribe spread to all of Colchis. Haplogroups of modern Laz: G2a (P15) 44% and J2 (M172) 50% ^{[Caucasus by Y-DNA]}. More details.

The Mossynoeci appear — a powerful tribal union, located in the wooded mountainous region on the southeastern coast of the Pontus Euxinus (modern Black Sea). Their western neighbors were the Tibareni and Chalybes. Xenophon places them west of Cerasus, which was located in the land of the Colchians. More details.

The Moschi appear — a powerful alliance of tribes, located in the southern mountainous region of Colchis (in modern Adjara). Identified with the Tibareni, Mushki and Meskhi. More details.

The Sakas appear — a general name for the numerous Eastern Iranian peoples of the Pamirs and nomadic tribes of Central Asia. The Greeks classified the Sakas as Scythians, and also applied this ethnonym to the Massagetae. The ancient tradition placed the Sakas between the Aral Sea and Tibet, neighboring the Indians, Bactrians and Sogdians. More details.

The Sarmatians appear — a general designation for Iranian-speaking nomadic pastoral tribes. They included tribal unions of the Roxolani, Alans, the Sarmatians themselves, part of the Scythians, Iazyges and others. In the 6th–4th centuries BC, they firmly established themselves in the steppe regions of the Don region, Kalmykia, Kuban region and the Central Ciscaucasia. In the 3rd century BC, they displaced the Scythians from the Northern Black Sea region. The ancient Scythians and Sarmatians were genetically descendants of the Indo-Iranian block of Indo-Europeans. The Scythians most likely belonged 50% to haplogroup R1a. There is a high probability that the Scythians also had a small number of representatives of R1b and to a lesser extent G1, G2a2b2a, J2a, J2b2, Q1b and T1a1a. The Sarmatians would have had the same haplogroup composition as the Scythians, but probably without G1 and Q1b, with the addition of Eastern European I2a1b and E-V13 ^{[Y-DNA haplogroups of ancient civilizations. Maciamo Hay 2008]}. More details.

The Sindians appear — a numerous Maeotian tribe, inhabiting the Taman Peninsula and the surrounding coast of the Pontus Euxinus (modern Black Sea). Possibly tribesmen of the Tauri. More details.

Periplus of the Inhabited Sea. ASIA

72. Sindians ^[16] After the Maeotians live the Sindians; but they also reach the regions outside the gulf; and they have such Greek poleis: the polis of Phanagoria, Cepi, Sindian Harbor, Patunt ^[17].

73. Kerkets ^[18]. And beyond Sindian Harbor — the Kerkets.

74. (Toreteans ^[19]. After the Kerkets — the Toreteans) and the Greek polis of Toric and a harbor.

75. Achaei. And after the Toreteans — the Achaei ^[20].

76. Heniochi. After the Achaei — the Heniochi ^[21].

(77. Coraxi. And after the Heniochi — the Coraxi) ^[22].

78. Coraxi. After the Heniochi — the region of Colica ^[23].

79. Melanchlaeni. And after Colica — the Melanchlaeni, and they have the river Metasoris and the river Aigypos ^[24].

80. Geloni. After the Melanchlaeni — the Geloni ^[25].

81. Colchi. And beyond these — the Colchi and the polis of Dioscurias, and the Greek polis of Gyenos, and the river Gyenos, and the river Cherobius, the river Chore, the river Arius, the river Phasis and the Greek polis of Phasis, and the road up the river 180 stadia to a large barbarian city, from where Medea came; there is the river Rhis, the river Isis, the river Laistus, the river Apsarus ^[26].

82. Bidzery. After the Colchi live the Bidzery and the river of the Daarans and the river of the Arians ^[27].

83. Echecheirii. And after the Bidzery — the Echecheirii and the river Pordanis and the river Arabis, the polis of Limna, the Greek polis of Odeinium.

84. Becheyrica. After the Echecheirii — the Becheyri, the harbor of Becheyrica, the Greek polis of Becheyriada ^[28].

85. Macrocephali ^[29]. After the Becheyri — the Macrocephali, the harbor of Psorus, the Greek polis of Trapezus.

86. Mossynoeci ^[30]. And after the Macrocephali — the Mossynoeci and the harbor of Zephyrium, the Greek polis of Choeradae, the island of Aria. They live in the mountains.

87. Tibareni ^[31]. After the Mossynoeci — the Tibareni.

88. Chalybes ^[32]. And after the Tibareni lives the people of the Chalybes and the closed harbor of Genetes, the Greek polis of Stameneyia and the Greek citadel of Iasonia.

Notes:

^[16] A tribe that occupied the Southern Azov region, the Taman Peninsula and the Northeastern coast of the Black Sea up to Novorossiysk.

^[17] Phanagoria (Phanagoria) - the name is in the genitive case, reflecting the legend of the naming of the polis in honor of its founder, a city on the Taman Peninsula (by other authors it is not considered Sindian); Cepi (i.e., gardens) - on the shore of the Taman Bay, Sindian Harbor - a Greek port on the Black Sea coast in the Anapa area (ancient Gorgippia), Patunt - Batys of other sources, a Greek port in the Gelendzhik-Novorossiysk area.

^[18] A mountain tribe, phonetically and by their localization identified with the later Circassians.

^[19] The beginning of the paragraph is corrupted. Possibly, the Toreteans are part of the same Kerkets.

^[20] The name of the Achaei tribe may indicate its kinship with the modern Abkhazians. From an early arising similarity in sound, the idea of their kinship with the Greek Achaeans was born and became widespread, forming the basis of many fantasies and legends.

^[21] They are localized between Dioscurias (Sukhum) and Phasis (Poti), and some part of them possibly lived on the southern shore of the Pontus.

^[22] In some manuscripts this paragraph is absent. Hecataeus (fr. 185) considers them Colchians, and Hesychius calls them a Scythian people.

^[23] They are usually localized in the area of modern Ochamchire (see Hecataeus, fr. 186). Thus here (cf. §81) the geographical sequence of listing the tribes is disrupted.

^[24] Herodotus places them in the northeast of Scythia (IV, 20), the river Metasoris is a river identified with one of the small rivers between Dioscurias and Phasis (Poti). Aigypos is identified by some commentators with the river Corax of other authors.

^[25] Only Pseudo-Scylax localizes the Geloni here. Herodotus writes that the Geloni are the Budini. Based on another ancient tradition, Mela, Pliny and Varro place the Budini in Colchis. Perhaps as a result of the mixing of these ideas, Pseudo-Scylax transferred the Geloni and their neighbors the Melanchlaeni to the Caucasus. But the exact opposite is also possible: the Geloni and Melanchlaeni were carried from the Caucasus by the advance of the Scythians. In this case, the source of Pseudo-Scylax in this part should date at least to the 6th century BC.

^[26] Colchi - inhabitants of the modern Colchis Lowland, possibly ancestors of the Georgians, the Phasis river - Rioni, the Cherobius river - modern Sianis-Tskhari, the Chore (Khopi) river - modern Inguri (or Khopis-Tskhari), the Arius river - localized somewhere in the area of present-day Poti, the Rhis river - the Suri river, Apsarus - Gonio, Isis - Natanevi (?). The "large barbarian city" is probably Aea, the mythical capital of Colchis; it may refer to the city on the site of modern Vani or Kutaisi.

^[27] The Bidzery are localized in the interfluve of the Bidze-Su and Chorokhi in the Southern Black Sea region. Possibly ancestors of the Tsans (Chans) and Laz. The river of the Daarans is identified with the Arkhab of other authors and the modern Artashena river, the river of the Arians with the modern Abu river near Cape Fortuna.

^[28] The Echecheirii and Becheyri are mountain tribes living along the Chorokhi river. The Pordanis river - Furtuna, Arabis - Sukha-Dere, Odeinium - Kanlu-Dere. Becheyriada - a city and harbor localized in the area of modern Rize.

^[29] "Long-headed," sometimes identified with the Macrones, localized in the area of Trapezus (modern Trabzon). More details about elongated skulls.

^[30] They lived west of Cerasus, their territory extended far inland (see Hecataeus, fr. 193). Zephyrium - Zephre (Kaik-Liman), Choeradae - obviously corrupted Cerasus, the island of Aria - Cerasun-Ada.

^[31] The Tibareni were known in the area of Cotyora (modern Ordu).

^[32] The Chalybes were localized by various ancient authors along the entire southern coast of the Pontus, where there was a population that had been engaged in metalworking since ancient times. Here, apparently, the mountain of Unieh is meant. Iasonia - Yasun-Burnu, Genetes - one of the bays between Yasun-Burnu and Chan-Burnu. COPY

Materials:

Journal of Ancient History, 1988, No. 1, No. 2.

J-BY175871 split from J-BY175098 600 BC, MRCA 500 BC > J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

Abkhazia 1%, Karachay-Cherkessia 1%

The war between Media and Lydia, as a result of which peace was concluded, under which the Scythians, who fought on the side of Lydia, had to leave Transcaucasia. More details.

In Georgian sources, several migrations of Jews to Georgia are known. More details.

According to the results of lexico-statistical reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasian languages, Balanovsky et al. 2011 ^[1], the divergence of Ubykh and Circassian began 2590 years ago.

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^[1] Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region. Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data. Supplementary Figure 2

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