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The most widespread Neolithic culture of Central Europe, 5500–4500 BC. The first Neolithic culture in Western and Central Europe, belongs to the group of Danubian cultures (Danubian or Early Danubian).

It was named after the characteristic decoration on ceramic vessels, consisting of cups, bowls, vases and jugs of coarse handmade work, without handles, which only in the later phase of development acquire simple or perforated handles, flat bottoms and necks. Since the neighboring Starčevo–Kőrös culture is older than LBK, it is often considered the source of the Neolithic complex for LBK. Indeed, Starčevo–Kőrös pottery is usually decorated with painted spirals, vertical and converging lines, etc. The LBK culture apparently imitated this design, but the application was not paint but incised and impressed lines, hence the term "linear" to distinguish painted pottery from incised lines. The ornament includes spirals, triangles, rectangles and other repeating geometric figures and is not always arranged in a band but can cover the entire surface of the vessel. The purpose of such pottery was for use as kitchen utensils or for transporting food and liquids.

Two studied LBKT samples contained G2a2b (L30/S126) and I1 (M253). Also, 8 samples with incomplete SNP profiles presumably belong to the same haplogroups: three to G2a2b (S126), two to G2a (P15), and one to I (M170); LBKT: one to G2a2b (S126) and one to F* (M89). More details.


Materials

Tracing the genetic origin of Europe's first farmers reveals insights into their social organization. Szécsényi-Nagy 2014


G2a2b among representatives of the Linear Pottery Culture, Germany.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay
Ancient DNA

• G2a return to the Caucasus. In Europe and Greece, the number of representatives of this haplogroup drops significantly.
• J2b appear in Europe and Greece.
• J2 continue to be present in Mesopotamia and Anatolia, but decrease in Lebanon.

Sources:

Maciamo Hay

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

An archaeological culture of the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods in the territory of the Netherlands. Dated to the period 5300–3400 BC. Like the Ertebølle culture, Swifterbant settlements were concentrated around water — in this case, streams, river dunes and marshes along the post-glacial banks of rivers such as the Vecht.

In the 1960s and 1970s, artifacts now classified as the "Swifterbant culture" were discovered in the now-drained North-West Polder in the Netherlands near the village of Swifterbant. Other important sites were found in South Holland (Bergschenhoek) and the Betuwe (Hardinxveld-Giessendam).

The earliest finds of this culture — around 5600 BC — are almost indistinguishable from finds of the Ertebølle culture. From this culture originated the western group of the Funnelbeaker culture (4000–2700 BC), which spread from the Northern Netherlands and Northern Germany to the Elbe.

The earliest settlements were seasonal. The transition from hunting and gathering to animal husbandry, mainly cattle and pig breeding, occurred around 4800–4500 BC. The first pottery also dates to this period, with its remains appearing in the territory of the culture even before the arrival of representatives of the neighboring Linear Pottery culture.

Animal sacrifices discovered in the bogs of Drenthe are associated with the Swifterbant culture, in which bulls — both domestic and wild aurochs — are thought to have played a sacred role.


The dates of the Swifterbant culture are not only linked to the ancestors of the major Abkhazian haplogroup (G2a2b2a (P303) and 5500–4300 BC — G2a2b (L30): Germany), but also supposedly share similar sacrificial cults with the Abkhazians, in which bulls played the main sacred role.

Presumed place of origin: from India to the Caucasus

Haplogroup R-M458 is present in modern Europeans roughly from the Rhine to the Urals.

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 0.6%.

More about haplogroup R-M458


Notes:

^[1] Brief Communication: New Y-Chromosome Binary Markers Improve Phylogenetic Resolution Within Haplogroup R1a1. Pamjav 2012

G2a2a (PF3185), G2a2b (S126) and G2a2a1 (L31) in Germany.


Sources:

Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Haak & Reich 2014
Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities. Haak 2010

Sources:

Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Haak & Reich 2014
Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities. Haak 2010