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Aeschylus (526–456 BC) "Prometheus Bound"

Lines 729–761
[Prometheus (to the Chorus and Io). Now hear of the remaining sufferings that this maiden must endure from Hera. And you, daughter of Inachus, take my words to heart, that you may know the limits of your wanderings. First, turn from here toward the rising sun and go through the untilled steppes; you will come to the nomadic Scythians, who live on high wagons with beautiful wheels under woven tents, armed with far-shooting bows. Do not approach them, but depart from this land, going along the noisy and rocky seashore. On your left live the iron-working Chalybes, whom you must beware of; they are harsh and inaccessible to strangers. Further you will reach the Raging River, not falsely bearing this name; do not cross it, for it is difficult to cross, until you come to the Caucasus itself, the highest of mountain ranges, where the river rushes violently from the very peaks. Crossing over the star-reaching heights, you will enter the horse-road, by which you will come to the hostile race of Amazons, who will in time settle in Themiscyra on the Thermodon, where the harsh Salmydessian bay is, hostile to sailors and stepmother to ships; the Amazons will gladly show you the way. Beyond them you will reach the narrowest gates of the lake to the Cimmerian isthmus; having boldly passed it, cross the Maeotian Strait — and forever will the glorious tale of your crossing be preserved among mortals, and the strait will receive from it the name of Bosporus. Leaving the European land, you will enter the Asian continent...

Scholia to Aeschylus. LATER SCHOLIA. "PROMETHEUS"

281. Chilling land], heavy, harsh and rocky, i.e., the Caucasus.
298. ... to the land — mother of iron, i.e., producing iron. The poet means Scythia; for nearby somewhere live the Chalybes, a Scythian tribe, where iron is mined.
301. Mother of iron], working iron; the Chalybian land, in Scythia, in which iron was first found; the poet means the Caucasus, for near it live the Chalybes.
411 (427). Which are nearest]. All the people who inhabit the earth and the region of sacred Asia sympathize with us and sympathize with your sufferings, accompanied by great lamentations, and the maidens — inhabitants of Colchis, i.e., the Amazons, fearless in battle, grieve at your misfortunes, and the populous tribes of the Scythians, who inhabit the edge of the earth around Lake Maeotis, and the warlike race of Ares of Arabia, by which the poet means the Troglodytes, who live near the Caucasus and inhabit the high-cliffed city, the warlike host, resounding with sharp-pointed spears, i.e., the Colchians.
415. Colchis], which is in Scythia.
714. On the left]. On the left parts, says the poet, live the iron-working Chalybes, whom one should beware of, i.e., avoid and not come to them, because they are harsh and not visited by foreigners; for those arriving there suffer harm from them.


Materials:

Aeschylus - Tragedies (Series: Literary Monuments)

Pindar (522 — c. 442 BC) Pythian IV.

Lines 203–250 (From the description of the Argonauts' campaign)

Then they arrived at Phasis, where they engaged in battle with the dark-faced Colchians before Aeetes himself. Meanwhile, the mistress of the sharpest arrows, Cytherea, having fastened to the indestructible wheel with four spokes a dappled wryneck, first sent from Olympus to men the furious bird and taught the wise son of Aeson incantations, to destroy in Medea the shame before her parents and so that longed-for Hellas would stir her, burning with passion, with the whip of Peitho. And she revealed to him the meaning of the tasks appointed by her father and, mixing with oil a drug to soothe pain, gave them to anoint themselves; they also agreed to enter into sweet marriage with each other. But Aeetes set as an obstacle the indestructible plow and bulls that breathed fire from their yellow jaws and broke the earth with their bronze hooves; he led them out and alone yoked them; having drawn straight furrows, he drove them and split the ridge of the lumpy earth to a fathom, then said this: "Let the king who commands the ship, having accomplished this task for me, take with him the imperishable bed: the fleece, gleaming with golden wool." When he said this, Jason, having thrown off his saffron-colored garment, trusting in God, undertook the work; the fire did not touch him by the will of the foreign sorceress. Having drawn out the plow, forcibly yoking the bulls by the necks and striking their strong flanks with a heavy goad, the mighty man fulfilled the foreordained task. Aeetes cried out in fear from inexpressible grief, amazed at Jason's strength, while his comrades stretched out their hands to the strong man, crowned him with wreaths of greenery and greeted him with kind words. Immediately the wonderful son of Helios pointed out where the knives of Phrixus had spread the shining fleece, but he hoped that Jason would no longer accomplish this new labor: it lay in a thicket and was guarded by the voracious jaws of a dragon, surpassing in thickness and length a fifty-oared ship, put together by blows of iron.

Scholia to Pindar.

Olympian XIII. 376(211) In Phasis]. Then, says the poet, the Argonauts came to the Phasis river to Aeetes himself, where they brought and mixed their strength with the amazing Colchians, i.e., allegorically instead of "arrived." "... some explain it as 'amazing in appearance,' since '...' is usually used about striking with terror; others say that since the Scythians are emigrants from Egypt, they are therefore black-skinned; they cultivate flax and weave linen from it, like the Egyptians; and Callimachus says: "From Colchian flax." Phasis is a river in Asian Scythia; for there is also another Scythia in Europe, near Lake Maeotis and the Tanais river; Apollonius also mentions it: "The eddy-rich Phasis pours into the sea a broad stream."
Isthmian II, 61, (41) [But sailed to Phasis in summer]. The Phasis is a river in Scythia; the winds blowing on it are exceedingly cold.


Materials:

Pindar. Bacchylides - Odes. Fragments

Fr. 159 (Jac. 186) St. Byz. Edoi, a Scythian people. Hecataeus in the description of Europe.
Fr. 161 (Jac. 191) St. Byz. Dandarii, a people of the Caucasus, as Hecataeus says in the description of Europe.
Fr. 162 (Jac. 192) St. Byz. Tipanissae, a people of the Caucasus, Hecataeus in the description of Europe.
Fr. 185. (Jac. 210) St. Byz. Coraxi, a tribe of the Colchians, near the Coli. Hecataeus in the description of Asia. Coraxian fortress and Coraxian country.
Fr. 186. (Jac. 209) S. Byz. Coli, a people of the Caucasus. Hecataeus in the description of Asia: "and the foothills of the Caucasus are called the Colian Mountains." The country is called Colica.
Fr. 187 (Jac. 186) Schol. Apoll. Rhod., IV, 284. "Hecataeus says that the Phasis does not flow into the sea and that the Argonauts sailed not along the Tanais, but by the same route as before, as Sophocles says in the 'Scythians.'"
Fr. 188 (Jac. 288) St. Byz. Moschi, a tribe of the Colchians, neighboring the Matieni. Hecataeus in the description of Asia.
Fr. 190 (Jac. 200) St. Byz. Khoi, a people near the Bechiri. Hecataeus in the description of Asia: "up to here is the land of the Bechiri, and next to them live the Khoi." And again: "up to these Khoi." And again: "with the Khoi the Diziri neighbor to the east."
Fr. 191 (Jac.206) St. Byz. Macrones, now Sanni; Strabo mentions them in the 12th book and Hecataeus in the description of Asia.
Fr. 192 (Jac. 205) St. Byz. Mari, a people neighboring the Mossynoeci. Hecataeus in the description of Asia.
Fr. 193 (Jac. 204) St. Byz. Choeradae, a city of the Mossynoeci. Hecataeus in the description of Europe (Asia?): "with the Tibareni to the sunrise border the Mossynoeci, and their city is Choeradae."
Fr. 195 (Jac. 203) St. Byz. Chalybes, a people of Pontus, on the Thermodon river... and Chalyboi in Hecataeus: "with the Chalybes to the south border the Armenians."
Fr. 196 (Jac. 202) St. Byz. Stamena, a city of the Chalybes. Hecataeus in the description of Asia.


Materials:

History of Greek Literature

1. Birth of the common ancestor of G2a2b2a (P303) for Abkhazians, Shapsugs and Circassians.
2. The common ancestor of Caucasian J2a1b (M67) appeared in the Caucasus.

Sources:

What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013

J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

The Dacians appear — a group of Thracian tribes. The central area of Dacian settlement was located north of the lower Danube (on the territory of modern Romania and Moldova). More details.

The Coraxi appear — a tribe on the West Caucasian coast in the area of modern Sukhum. Ancient Greek geographers called the Coraxi the Apsilae. The Coraxi formed part of the Colchians and were displaced by the Abkhazians (Abazgians). Presumably by the 5th century BC, part of the Scythians had been assimilated into the Maeotian milieu. More details.

The Macrocephali appear — a Scythian tribe, located west of the Colchians, east of Trapezus. It was part of the alliance of the Macrones — a powerful tribal union that lived southwest of the Colchians in Northern Cappadocia, between the region of Trapezus and Colchis. More details.

The Melanchlaeni appear — a people in 'black cloaks' on the Caucasian coast of Pontus, between Dioscurias and Phasis (in the area of modern Abkhazia). A savage people who lived in Asian Sarmatia, not of Scythian origin. More details.

The Triballi appear. Some researchers consider them an Illyrian tribe, others a powerful Thracian people, and still others the Tibareni who migrated from Colchis. They were located in Lower Moesia between the Danube and the Morava. More details.

The Chalybes appear — Caucasian tribes located next to the Mossynoeci and Tibareni. More details.