5–4 thousand years BC.
Anthropological materials from the Unakozovskaya Cave (in Adygea), dating to the turn of the 4th–5th millennium BC, allowed the Ukrainian anthropologist I.D. Potekhina to conclude that the family buried there was very close to the people who inhabited northeastern Anatolia at the beginning of the 4th millennium BC and to modern Shapsugs. Around this time, some tribe migrated from Anatolia to the Western Caucasus, bringing with it from the south the traditions of the Asia Minor culture of "Çatalhöyük" (hoes of the "Sochi-Adler" type, so-called flag-shaped arrowheads, ceramic technology and pottery techniques, skills of sedentary agriculture, monumental painting style, etc.). This culture was an early agricultural component of the North Caucasian protomaykop culture.
Materials:
History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009
5000—4000 BC. Migration Flow to the Caucasus
Based on these conclusions — the main migration flow to the Caucasus occurred in the 5th–4th millennium BC, arriving from Mesopotamia and the Middle East — Syria, Eastern Anatolia. This flow brought the Uruk culture to the Caucasus, with the inhabitants of the ancient Sumerian city-state of Uruk, who gradually left their city apparently due to the retreat of the Euphrates River, as well as for the purpose of developing the ore-rich deposits of the Caucasus.
From the north, from the Kuban steppes, the ancient Caucasians-Atykhs interacted with nomadic pastoralists, the so-called Pit Grave culture people, one of the ancestors of the Indo-European language family. It is interesting to observe the interaction of these three or four ethno-cultural communities. Here it is also necessary to take into account the constant ties of the Atykhs with their southern neighbors in Transcaucasia. Since they, in turn, actively contacted the advanced civilizations of Western Asia, the North Caucasians constantly received positive impulses through them from the Natufian Chalcolithic, the Asia Minor culture of Çatalhöyük, and then Hacılar and the Mesopotamian cultures of Jemdet Nasr and Ubaid.
5000—4000 BC. Ubaid Culture
5000—2650 BC. Trypillia Culture
The Trypillia culture was widespread in the Chalcolithic era on the territory of right-bank Ukraine, Moldova, eastern Romania (Cucuteni), and also in Hungary. The Trypillia culture is Chalcolithic (Copper-Stone Age).
The study of remains from the Verteba Cave in Ternopil Oblast, dated to the period 3600–2500 BC and associated with the Trypillia culture, made it possible to identify mitochondrial DNA of seven individuals, which turned out to belong to haplogroups pre-HV, HV or V (2 samples), H (2 samples), J and T4. This set of markers is confirmation of the relationship of the population of this culture with the peoples of the Balkan Neolithic; the roots of these lineages lie in Asia Minor. The autochthonous lineage in the Trypillian remains turned out to be predominant. Y-DNA data reveal representatives of G2a.
Sources:
Maciamo Hay
Comprehensive Site Chronology and Ancient Mitochondrial DNAAnalysis from Verteba Cave – a Trypillian Culture Site of Eneolithic Ukraine. Nikitin 2010
5000—1500 BC. G2a: Anatolia → Europe
G2a continue moving from Anatolia to Thessaly, the Apennine Peninsula, Sardinia, France and Spain.
Sources:
Ancient DNA
5000 BC. Return from Anatolia
- G2a Eastern Spain, Avellaner cave.
- G2a Southern France, Treilles.
Sources:
Ancient DNA
Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Lacan 2011
According to archaeological materials of the Protomaykop culture of the Neolithic era, obtained from mountain sites in Adygea, as early as the New Stone Age, approximately at the end of the 6th, in the 5th millennium BC, a tribe migrated from Anatolia to the Western Caucasus, bringing with it from the south the traditions of the Asia Minor culture of Çatalhöyük (hoes of the Sochi-Adler type, so-called flag-shaped arrowheads, ceramic technology and pottery techniques, sedentary agricultural skills, monumental painting style, etc.). This culture was an early agricultural component of the North Caucasian Protomaykop culture of the Copper-Stone Age. Adyghe folklore also confirms ancient migrations from Anatolia.
Continuation here.
4900—3400 BC. Lengyel Culture
It formed on the basis of a local variant of the Linear Pottery culture (more precisely, the Stroke-ornamented Ware culture). The successor of the Lengyel culture is the Funnelbeaker culture.
Early pottery shows traces of painting with white, red and yellow paints, while later pottery is unpainted. Pottery is decorated with painting or incised ornament; many zoomorphic and anthropomorphic vessels and ceramic figurines. The basis of the economy was agriculture with an increased (compared to LBK) influence of hunting. The role of animal husbandry (goats, sheep and pigs) also increased.
In a representative of the Lengyel culture from the Hungarian site Apc-Berekalja I, who lived approximately 4360–4490 years ago, mitochondrial haplogroup N1a1a1a and Y-chromosomal haplogroups I2a were found, and the presence of G2a is also assumed.
Sources:
Maciamo Hay
Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Gamba 2014
4600—4300 BC. Rössen Culture
A Central European archaeological culture of the Middle Neolithic (4600–4300 BC). The culture was named after the Rössen necropolis (part of the town of Leuna, Saalekreis district, Saxony-Anhalt). Sites of the Rössen culture have been found in 11 of the 16 federal states of Germany (it is absent only in the north of the North German Plain), as well as in the southeast of the Benelux countries, northeastern France, northern Switzerland and a small part of Austria. More details.
G2a: Rössen culture, Central Europe (Austria, Germany, France, Switzerland).
Sources:
Maciamo Hay