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An archaeological culture widespread in the foothills of the North Caucasus in the Early Bronze Age. Named after the Great Maykop Kurgan, excavated in 1897 by archaeologist N. I. Veselovsky. The main area of distribution — the plains and foothills of the Ciscaucasia from the Taman Peninsula to Chechnya. In the Kuban region, the culture reaches 46° north, and in Chechnya — 43°. To the south, it penetrates into the foothills along river valleys, but reaches the Black Sea coast only in the Taman–Gelendzhik area. The Kuma-Manych periphery is also distinguished — a zone of influence or further penetration of the culture to the north, as well as a vast area of products or style of products of the Maykop culture. More details.

The emergence of the "Maykop culture." The time of existence of a single "Ashuian" [Adyghe-Abkhazian] proto-language, named after the archaeological culture. The first dolmen structures of the Pyrenees. The dolmens of the "Land of the Basques" are the key to understanding the origin of the "dolmen culture" of the Western Caucasus. Scientists associate the "Proto-Basques" with the world's largest area of dolmen culture, covering all of northern and eastern Spain, all western and part of central departments of France.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

Found accidentally in 1960, on the territory of the Koeshchevskoye settlement (a solar sanctuary).

The first publication was in the magazine "Tekhnika — Molodezhi," No. 11, 1964, p.9. The only copy of the stone plate (triangular in shape) with an inscription is kept in the St. Petersburg Ethnographic Museum. Preliminarily dated synchronously with the Maykop archaeological culture, i.e., from the mid-4th millennium BC to the mid-3rd millennium BC. Even when dated to the end of the 3rd millennium BC, the Maykop Plate is the oldest material artifact of writing created by an autochthonous people on the territory of the former USSR, and hence of Russia.

Only two attempts at decipherment are known so far:

G. F. Turchaninov claimed that he had successfully deciphered the inscription on the Maykop Plate using the Abkhazian language, and announced his discovery of the Ashuian script, which in his opinion was used by the distant ancestors of the Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples. According to him, the plate contains the following text: "This is the descendant (son) of the Great Marne of the Azegian king. The fortress of Aiya is his property. Pagya from Khiza, coming out here at the beginning of the sowing month in the 21st year, erected (this) fortress in the land of rocks, in the gold-bearing land, in the Pakhu Valley."

N. G. Lovpache attempted to compare the Maykop Plate with inscriptions on the so-called Maeotian tablets of the later Maeotian archaeological culture, which have so far not allowed approaching a decipherment. He also made public his version of the translation of the text of the Maykop Plate using a reconstruction of the ancient Adyghe language: "The great priest Khepatu, viceroy of the god Kasutava, a 51-year-old man, having come to the 'gardens,' built a city for the offspring of the royal house Sapule, younger brother of Arnuvada. A thousand hands (builders), matalla and agari (rake) were delivered by the ruler to the city. In the 25th year of hatama (prosperity?) the ruler consecrated the palace fortress of Mae with a sacrifice of 21 sheep to the grain deity Hayame, having plowed around it."

However, these decipherments have not yet received evaluation or recognition from the scientific community.

J2b2 and G2a2b2a (P303) settle in the Black Sea steppes and either pass through the Caucasus from Eastern Anatolia, or, more likely, from Thessaly or the Carpatho-Balkan Metallurgical Province.

G2a2b: Maykop Culture, the Black Sea steppe and foothills.


Sources:

Ancient DNA
Maciamo Hay

The Hattians settled in Asia Minor and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. The ancient state of Hatti [3rd–2nd millennium BC] arose on the ethnic basis of the Hattians, who mixed with the Indo-European peoples of the "Anatolian group" — the Luwians, Palaic and Nesites. The Hurrians split into 3 branches: the first settled the mountainous regions of the Eastern Caucasus [Dagestan]; the second — the mountainous regions in the upper reaches of the Tigris River, Lake Urmia [Iran], the Kura-Araxes lowland [Azerbaijan]; the third — settled the west of Asia Minor, the Balkans [Pelasgians?] and the Aegean Sea [future "Sea Peoples"?], the Apennine Peninsula [Etruscans?].


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

An archaeological culture represented in the 4th — early 3rd millennium BC on the territory of the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and adjacent regions of the Middle East (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, eastern Turkey and northern Iran). This culture was first identified and described by the Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer Boris Alekseevich Kuftin.

The culture originated in Western Asia and then spread to the Caucasus. Similarities have been identified between artifacts of the Maykop culture and the local Leyla-Tepe culture with those recently found during excavations of the ancient city of Tell Hazna I in northern Syria, whose construction dates to the 4th millennium BC, which accordingly strengthens the version of migration to the Southern and then to the Northern Caucasus of tribes of the Ubaid-Uruk circle of the Middle East. The bearers of the culture lived in fortified settlements with mud-brick walls. The houses had a circular plan. In the center of the settlements were pits for storing grain. The main occupation: agriculture and cattle breeding. There are traces of pottery. A series of characteristic signs are found on the vessels of the culture, which are considered as proto-writing or tamgas.

• J2a, J1 and G2a: dominant in the Kura–Araxes culture of the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia and adjacent regions of the Middle East. Representatives of these haplogroups advance from the Caucasus to Anatolia, Northern Mesopotamia and Western Iran.
  
• A small number of J2b2, G2a2b2a (P303) and R1b (M269) migrate from the Caucasus to the Volga-Ural region, bringing with them bronze and the Proto-Indo-European language.

Sources:

Ancient DNA
Maciamo Hay

L. A. Gindin believes that the Hittites were the first Indo-European people (Sredny Stog culture) to settle in Bulgaria and Greece as early as the 4th millennium BC, and were then displaced to Asia Minor by a second wave of Indo-European invasion of the Balkans.

J-Z35834 (J-Y26654) split from J-SK1317 3,900 BC, MRCA 2,800 BC > J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

Abkhazia 5%, Georgia 1%, Adygea 1%, Kabardino-Balkaria 1%, Karachay-Cherkessia 1%

G (M201): France, Italy, Germany.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay
Ancient DNA

The Hattians were a people who inhabited the country of Hatti in central and southeastern Anatolia (present-day Turkey) during the period 2500–1700 BC in the Early and Middle Bronze Age. The name of the country and people was later inherited by the Hittites who conquered them, but the outdated designation of the Hattians as "Proto-Hittites" is fundamentally incorrect — the Hittites belonged to a completely different language family. Several linguists (E. Forrer, E. Laroche, I. M. Dunaevskaya and A. Kammenhuber) managed to determine the grammatical structure of the Hattian language, and in their words — "it shows features of striking structural similarity with the Northwestern Caucasian languages (Abkhaz-Adyghe)," and linguistic studies by G.A. Melikishvili and G.G. Giorgadze also make close kinship of Hattian with the language of the Kaskians likely. Kaskians (or Kasks, Kashkas, Kaskians) — a people (group of tribes) inhabiting northeastern Anatolia and the southern Black Sea coast (Pontus) during the 2nd millennium BC from the Halys River (Kızılırmak) or west of it, to the upper Euphrates west of modern Erzincan — Erzindjan, including the valleys of the Iris (Yeşilırmak) and Lycus (Wolf River, Gayl-get, Kelkit) rivers. They spoke a language related to that of the Hattians. This people is attested in cuneiform inscriptions of ancient Asia Minor. Sometimes they are called Kaska tribes. Today, few doubt that the Hattian language belonged to the North Caucasian family of the Abkhaz-Adyghe group. More details.

Fār Hatti [Var Hatti — "king of Hatti"] comes and takes the throne of Akkad [from an ancient Chaldean treatise on astrology]. A similar legend about the campaign of Uar-Khatu to Asia Minor, which ended on the Euphrates, is preserved in the ancient folklore of the Adyghe. A plate from the city of Carchemish with a hieroglyphic text, the content of which is conveyed in the "Manuscript of Ancient Gildani [Assyria]," describes in more detail the campaign of Fār Hatti, a military leader or chieftain who led the people "Khatuun" [people of Hatti]. "Uun" — from ancient Adyghe-Abkhazian can be translated as "man." If we take into account the ancient Assyrian "Var" [king], which in Adyghe sounds like "Uar," then Khatu was the king of the Khatuuns, who founded the "Hattian" kingdom in Asia Minor.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Baden culture, in Hungary — Pécel culture — a Neolithic (Chalcolithic) culture of Central and Southeastern Europe (3600–2800 BC). The Kostolac and Boleráz cultures are considered variants of Baden, although they have a number of important differences.

Ethnic affiliation
According to M. Gimbutas, the Baden culture represented one of the first waves of Indo-Europeans in Europe. However, there is a hypothesis that the bearers of this culture could have had a pre-Indo-European origin. According to another hypothesis, the Baden culture, together with the related Pécel and Coțofeni cultures, was the common ancestor of the bearers of Italic languages and the Lusitanians.

Dwellings
The population lived in fortified settlements with stone walls.

Artifacts
They made ornaments from shells and copper (rings). Bows and arrows were used. Traces of pottery and clay animal figurines have been found. It is assumed that the tribes of the Baden culture were familiar with wheeled transport (wagons).

Burials
Cremation is characteristic of the burial rites.

Economy
The basis of the economy was hunting and cattle breeding.

An archaeological culture of the Late Copper Age — Early Bronze Age (3600–2300 BC). It occupied the territory from the Southern Urals in the east to the Dniester in the west, from the Ciscaucasia in the south to the Middle Volga region in the north. More details.