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The "Great Migration of Peoples" began, continuing approximately until the 7th century.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Hephthalites — a tribal union of the early Middle Ages (4th–6th centuries), which created an extensive state that included Sogdiana and Bactria (Central Asia), Afghanistan and Gandhara (northern India). About the Huns-Hephthalites, also calling them "White Huns," wrote Procopius, while others, including earlier authors such as Ammianus Marcellinus, call them the Huns-Chionites. Some researchers believe that the Huns-Chionites had a change of ethnonym from "Chionites" to "Hephthalites." According to Theophanes the Byzantine, Ephthalas, king of the Hephthalites, from whom the whole family has its name, defeated Peroz and the Persians, who lost trading cities and harbors, however, soon they were taken away by the Turks Ashina. According to Priscus of Panium, the Caspian Sea and its ports were in the possession of the Huns, within their domains.

A people formed in the 2nd–4th centuries through the mixing of the Turkic-speaking Xiongnu and Ugric tribes of the Urals and Volga region. A tribal group of the Altai type (Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu languages), which invaded Eastern Europe in the 70s of the 4th century AD as a result of a long movement westward from the borders of China. In Chinese sources, it is mentioned as the people Xiongnu or Hsiung-nu. The Huns created a huge state from the Volga to the Rhine. Under the commander and ruler Attila, they attempted to conquer the entire Roman West (mid-5th century).

The Huns swept away the remnants of the Scythians both in Crimea and in Istria on the Danube. The Scythians, one might say, completely dissolved in the surrounding ethnic environment.

The main phase of the Christianization of the Abkhazian tribes began (the first half of the 6th century. Under Justinian, the first Christian church was built in Pitiunt.

The Sarmatians — (10th century BC: Aorsi — Don region, Alans — Eastern Caucasus, Roxolani — north of the Azov region, Siraces — Kuban region, Iazyges — west of the Azov region). An alliance of nomadic pastoral tribes (Alans, Roxolani, Iazyges and others). In the 6th–4th centuries BC, they lived in the territory from the Tobol River to the Volga River. In the 3rd century BC, they displaced the Scythians from the Northern Black Sea region. They waged wars with the states of Transcaucasia and Rome. In the 4th century AD, they were defeated by the Huns.

More about the Sarmatians.

Translation:

With the help of Christ and the intercession of St. Theodore, have mercy, Lord, on the abbot Anthony and Josiah, who made this mosaic, as well as the father Josiah and the mother. Amen

The monastery in which this inscription in Asomtavruli was found is located in the Ar Homa area, on the Jerusalem – Bethlehem road, now already within the boundaries of Jerusalem, the site is registered as "Khirbet el-Kut."

Bir el-Kut was excavated by Virgilius Corbo in 1952. There are no written sources about the existence of the monastery. A total of four inscriptions were found. One is given above, the remaining three can be seen only in illustrations in special publications.

For the Georgian historian Visarion Khurtsilava, one of the Bir el-Kut inscriptions served as the most important argument for putting forward the hypothesis about the origin of the Georgian script and its creators.

Text (translation): And their pupils Bakur and Gri-Ormizd and their children, Christ, have mercy, amen.

V. Khurtsilava believes that this inscription mentions both creators of the Georgian alphabet. About Gri-Ormizd almost nothing is known, but Bakur is the great-grandson of King Mirian, grandson of Salome of Ujarma, grandfather of Peter the Iberian, duke of the Palestinian borders, who lived in Jerusalem, a source of information about St. Nino for Tyrannius Rufinus (4th–5th centuries, Church History — this work contains the oldest written testimony of the baptism of Kartli — see Kote Lerner).

The possibility that it was this Bakur who built the monastery is confirmed by the finds of 4th-century coins in Bir el-Kut.

Rufius Festus Avienus (second half of the 4th century AD). "Description of the Earth's Circle"

852-891. Learn at last what peoples surround the Taurus. The Maeotians first surrounded the salt marsh. There is also encountered the fierce Sarmatian, once a warlike branch of the Amazonid tribe: these daughters of Thracian Mars formerly lived near the Streams of the wide Thermodon, and then left there and entered into marriages. The Sarmatian lives in vast forests. The Tanais, flowing out of them, wanders far through barbarian fields and then flows into the salt marsh. It delimits Asia from Europe. The high Caucasus emits it; having spread over the Scythian plains, it feeds the youth of the restless peoples. Both of its banks winter strikes with fierce storms, and the cold keeps it frozen. The nearest regions are inhabited by the Cimmerians and Sindians. Nearby lives the Kerketian tribe and the race of the Toretae. Then the Achaei from the banks of the Xanthus and from the Idaean Simoeis transported their household gods to the wind-tossed rocky valleys. Nearby lives the harsh tribe of the Heniochi, then the Zygi, who, having once left the Pelasgian kingdoms, occupied the nearest regions of Pontus. Nearby live the active Colchians: these exiles from fruitful Egypt sow the steep slopes of the high cliff. The Caucasus is very close to the Hyrcanian waters. Far from them, the Phasis roars in the valley and, having flowed through the Circean fields, flows into the Euxine. From the northern axis of the sky again lies the land, inclined to the limits of the eastern light and neighboring the two seas. For the Caspian wave widely washes the land from above, and on the other side lies the ridge of the Euxine Sea. Here live the harsh Iberians: they, once exiled from the Pyrenean coast, occupied the lands of the eastern country, or an uncertain chance often carried them away, exiled from their homeland. The surface of the plain is occupied by the tribe of the Camaritae, who received Bacchus into their huts when he, after the battle, victoriously led the Indian armies of the Bassarids, and offered Lyaeus refreshment. Performing orgies and girding their chests with a nebris, they led round dances, performing the joyous rites of the Nysian cult. Above them rises into the waves the Caspian Tethys.

942-952 Now, Muses, remind me of the peoples to the west of the Colchians and the blue waves of the Phasis to the strait of the Thracian Sea! The first here is the harsh tribe of the Bizeri, then the coarse Bechiri, Macrones, Philyri and the swift tribe of the Duratei. Further the Tibareni, and above them the Chalybes, where the fields rich in deadly iron resound with the noise of high anvils. Behind them stretch the tithes of the Assyrian land and the Thermodon, originating from the Armenian ridge, licks the fields of the Amazonid tribe (...)


Materials:

NEWS OF ANCIENT GREEK AND LATIN WRITERS ABOUT SCYTHIA AND THE CAUCASUS. Latyshev V.V. 1947

The Utigurs (Utri-gurs, Uturgurs, Onogurs) — a tribal group of the Bulgars along with the Kutrigurs (Kuturgurs) and others, nomadic in the steppes between the Don and Kuban in the 5th–7th centuries. In the 6th century, they were in a state of war with the Kutrigurs (Kuturgurs) led by their king Sandilkh. Subsequently, around 568, they became part of the Turkic Khaganate. In 633, the Kutrigurs united with the Utigurs and created a common state of Great Bulgaria. In 670, the Bulgars, after the death of Kubrat, suffered defeat from the Khazars, and the Utigurs led by Asparukh in 679 crossed the lower Danube and founded the First Bulgarian Kingdom on the lands conquered from Byzantium (Moesia and Thrace). The main archaeological difference between the Utigurs and the Kutrigurs is the orientation of the dead in graves with the head to the north, unlike the Kutrigurs with the head to the west, as well as the widespread presence of artificial cranial deformation, unlike the Kutrigurs, among whom this custom is isolated.