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The Novosvobodnaya culture is an archaeological culture widespread in the foothills of the North Caucasus. Named after the stanitsa of Novosvobodnaya (formerly Tsarskaya).

The first to suggest a connection between artifacts from the Novosvobodnaya stanitsa (excavations by N. I. Veselovsky, 1898) and European pottery was the British-Australian archaeologist Gordon Childe (1952). He linked them to artifacts of the Globular Amphora culture (Poland). Russian archaeologist A. D. Rezepkin was the first to link finds from Novosvobodnaya with artifacts of the Funnelbeaker culture (Germany, Denmark). Unlike Childe, Rezepkin, who has led excavations near Novosvobodnaya for over 30 years, dates the finds representing the Novosvobodnaya culture to the second third — end of the 4th millennium BC. Rezepkin puts forward arguments for the independence of the Novosvobodnaya culture. Also, following Rezepkin, archaeologist A. N. Gei proposes separating the Novosvobodnaya sites into a distinct culture. Before Rezepkin, the Novosvobodnaya culture was considered only a stage of the Maykop culture, or closely associated with it. According to Rezepkin, the difference between the Novosvobodnaya and Maykop cultures is that Novosvobodnaya at an early stage of its development has unequivocally western roots, while Maykop has Near Eastern ones. However, some archaeologists (S. M. Korenevsky and others) insist on a broad Maykop-Novosvobodnaya community with a number of local variants (Galyugayevo-Sereginsk, Dolinsk, Psekup).

An archaeological culture that existed during the period around 3400–2800 BC. It occupied most of the territory of the former Funnelbeaker culture, and in the central part shared territory with the Corded Ware culture. To the south and west it bordered the Baden culture, to the northeast the Narva culture. The name was proposed by archaeologist Gustaf Kossinna due to the characteristic pottery, spherical vessels with 2–4 handles. More details.

Kuban-Terek Culture

The Kuban-Terek culture, an eastern variant of the Globular Amphora culture, occupied the central foothills of the Caucasus, so it is quite possible to assume a Central Caucasian variant of haplogroup G, i.e., G2a1a.

The Globular Amphora culture, which is localized from the Elbe basin in the west to the Vistula in the east, extends south to the middle of the Dniester and east to the Dnieper, reaching Ossetia. It migrated from Germany and Poland toward the Steppe and to the Caucasus 4900–4300 years ago. During this period of migrations, cultures such as Trypillia, Yamnaya, Maykop disappear, and the Kura-Araxes culture is displaced to northern Anatolia. 4100 years ago, the Kuban-Terek culture — the eastern branch of the Globular Amphora culture — was created in the Caucasus.


Sources:

Ancient DNA of Europe
Maciamo Hay

The dolmens of the Western Caucasus (Adyghe: испыун [Shapsug: спыун], Kabardian: исп-унэ — "house of ispa" (Ispy — dwarfs from the Abkhaz-Adyghe Nart epic); Abkhaz: псаун — house of the soul, human soul; Megrelian: мдишкуде, одзвале, садзвале — houses of giants, containers of bones; Russian (from the 19th century) — bogatyr huts or huts, grandfathers' and devils' huts) — megalithic tombs left by representatives of the dolmen culture of the Middle Bronze Age. Researchers now suggest that dolmens could also have been built by cultures of the Late Bronze Age. Only a small part of the dolmens has been studied.

Before the Caucasian War, dolmens and associated menhirs were not destroyed. Only with the settlement of the mountains by Cossacks did these structures begin to be used as quarries. Today, almost all of them are unprotected, suffer from vandals (loggers, black diggers, summer residents and other developers, tourists, sectarians), and are also destroyed by natural causes. The most accessible dolmens have also been given their own names and, having become an element of pop culture, have been included in commercial and tourist businesses. More details.

I. Javakhishvili wrote that "The Caucasus, it turns out, is not the original homeland of the Georgians, and therefore the sources of their culture should not be sought here" (Javakhishvili I. "Works in Georgian." Vol. 1, Tbilisi, 1959, pp.47-48). According to M. Tsereteli, "there is no point in looking for ancient traces of Georgians in the Caucasus. Before the Georgians, another race lived here — long-headed, which passed both the Stone and Bronze Ages on this territory" (Tsereteli M. "Nation and Humanity." Tbilisi, 1990, pp.229-232). Another, earlier Georgian author, G. Kikodze, wrote back in 1917: "It has not yet been established who we are and where we come from, since we have no related peoples on earth. We do not know where our fate leads us. True, they say we lived on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, but even there we were not loved, our neighbors did not let us live, they hated us. We did not know where to go. This is how we spent our days in solitude... We were expelled from our lands by our neighbors, they left us nothing, but the Alans took pity on us and gave us shelter in the Colchis Valley, gave us land, caressed us, taught us military affairs, instilled in us their culture, their customs, protected us from external enemies" (Newspaper "Sakartvelo", No. 4, 1917).

• G2a2b2 along with the expansion of Indo-Europeans, the haplogroup reaches the Caucasus, Central Asia and India (Aryans (Aryans)). It is found most in the higher castes, which confirms the Indo-European invasion. Today's distribution of G2a2b2a(P303) in Europe and India, as well as the age of the haplogroup itself, confirms its Indo-European origin.
  
• Birth of the common ancestor of G2a2b2a(P303) for the entire Caucasus.

Sources:

Maciamo Hay
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

Presumed place of origin: Caucasus or Levant

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 21%.

The common ancestor of G-P303 lived approximately 11,500 years ago, possibly in the Levant.

The common ancestor of G-P303 for the entire Caucasus lived approximately 5,345 years ago.

The common ancestor of G-P303 for Abkhazians, Shapsugs and Circassians lived approximately 2,445 years ago.

Source: What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013

More about haplogroup G-P303

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 8.6%.

10,625±1,200 years ago, in Mesopotamia, the common ancestor of J-M67 appeared.

5,250±730 years ago, the common ancestor of J-M67 for Ossetians-Ironians and Digorians, Shapsugs and Abkhazians appeared.

4,500±690 years ago, the common ancestor of J-M67 for Ossetians-Ironians and Digorians, Circassians appeared.

2,500 years ago, the common ancestor of Caucasian J-M67 appeared in the Caucasus.

2,225±580 years ago, the common ancestor of J-M67 for Circassians appeared.

Source: What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013

More about haplogroup J-M67

Analysis of finds in Northern Italy and Spain (1, 2) revealed the presence of haplogroup G2a


Results of all known ancient European Y-DNA samples from Early and Middle Neolithic sites:

G2a - 66.5% (n=6)
F - 22% (n=2)
E1b1b - 11% (n=1)


Results of all known ancient European Y-DNA samples from Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites:

G2a - 84% (n=21)
R1b - 8% (n=2)
I2 - 8% (n=2)


Sources:

Ancient DNA of Europe
Maciamo Hay

An archaeological culture of the Early Bronze Age (3300–2700 BC). It existed on the territory of the North Caucasus in close proximity to the northern border of the Maykop culture, with whose territory it partially overlapped. The natural boundaries of the culture roughly coincided with the territory of the modern Krasnodar Krai: from the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait further east, almost to the Caspian Sea.

The culture is distinguished by its burials, in particular, the presence of carts in them, as well as special characteristic pottery, and a richer set of metal products than in neighboring cultures, which can be seen as the result of connection or contact with the metallurgical Maykop culture.

It is united into a single cultural complex together with the larger Yamnaya culture: both cultures were characterized by a semi-nomadic pastoral lifestyle with some elements of agriculture.

The Corded Ware culture, Battle Axe culture (German: Schnurkeramik) — an archaeological culture of the Copper and Bronze Ages, widespread in vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe and dated to 3200–2300/1800 BC. The tribes of the Corded Ware culture are often considered the first Indo-Europeans in Central Europe. More details.

G2a: Helladic Greece.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay