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An archaeological culture of the Bronze Age from the second half of the 3rd millennium BC to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, located on the territory of the European part of Russia from the Kaluga region to the south of Bashkortostan. The culture was named after the village of Abashevo (Chuvashia), where its kurgans were first discovered in 1925. More details.

Connections:

• With the Abashevo culture and proto-Cimmerians and Thracians. ^{[Khudaverdyan 2012]}
• Through the presence of G2a with the Megalithic cultures of Europe.
• With the Dolmen culture.
• With Hattian megalithic structures.

An archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (from the end of the 3rd — beginning of the 2nd millennium BC). It is part of the Andronovo cultural-historical community. It was widespread in the zone of the northern steppe of the Southern Trans-Urals and the Southern Urals. Currently, 22 fortified settlements of the culture have been found in the Chelyabinsk and Orenburg regions. Many settlement sites of the Sintashta culture are located along the rivers of the Ural and Tobol basins.

According to paleogenetic studies, people from the Sintashta culture have significant genetic similarity with representatives of the Corded Ware culture. The migration of populations from the Corded Ware culture eastward likely led to the formation of the Sintashta culture. In the study of ancient DNA in representatives of the Sintashta culture, Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1a (R1a1a1b2a2-Z2124 and R1a1a1b2a2a-Z2123) and mitochondrial haplogroups J1, J2, N1 and U2 were found.

J2a: Sintashta culture, migration of haplogroup from the Volga-Ural region to Bactria and Pakistan.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay
Population genomics of Bronze Age. Morten E. Allentoft 2015

The Tocharians (pseudo-Tocharians) presumably originated from the Afanasievo archaeological culture, which existed in the Minusinsk steppe and the Altai. In science, Tocharians are divided into true (or real, who are part of the Yuezhi, spoke Eastern Iranian northern dialects related to the languages of the Scythians, went south with the Kushans and gave the name to the region of Tokharistan in the north of the modern Republic of Afghanistan) and non-true (pseudo-Tocharians) — those to whom the Chinese and others transferred this name, but who spoke Tocharian dialects that have no close relationship with the languages of the Yuezhi and did not call themselves Tocharians, unlike the true Tocharians. More details.

A fortified settlement of the Middle Bronze Age at the turn of the 3rd–2nd millennium BC, belonging to the so-called "Land of Cities." Located on a high promontory formed by the confluence of the Bolshaya Karaganka and Utyaganka rivers, 8 km north of the village of Amursky in the Bredinsky District and 2 km southeast of the village of Alexandrovsky in the Kizilsky District of the Chelyabinsk Region. The settlement and the adjacent territory with a whole complex of multi-period archaeological sites is a natural landscape and historical-archaeological reserve — a branch of the Ilymen State Reserve named after V. I. Lenin of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The site is distinguished by the unique preservation of its defensive structures, the presence of synchronous burial grounds and the integrity of the historical landscape. More details.

Connections:

• With the Abashevo culture and proto-Cimmerians and Thracians. ^{[Khudaverdyan 2012]}
• Through the presence of G2a with the Megalithic cultures of Europe.
• With the Dolmen culture.
• With Hattian megalithic structures.

The separation of nomadic pastoralism from settled agriculture in the region. Archaeological cultures of the period: Maykop [Northwestern Caucasus], Novotitorovka [Kuban region], Ancient Pit Grave [steppes of the Azov region]. The existence of the Maykop culture, which possessed a high level of knowledge about metal for its time, allowed E. A. Speiser to build a theory according to which the most ancient metallurgy originated in the North Caucasus. The invention of bronze [an alloy of copper and tin]. Since tin was a rare metal in the Caucasus, arsenic was used. The domestication of the horse occurred, and tribal elites emerged. Alliances of tribes [nationalities] with their leaders arose, i.e., people gradually transitioned to "military democracy."

In the Maykop archaeological culture, which merged the "Atykhs" and "Hattians" who came out to the Kuban plain from the mountains and foothills [possibly also "Indo-Europeans" in the form of the "Pit Grave" people of the Kuban region], a distinct agricultural component is distinguished, similar to the culture of "Alaca Höyük" [in Asia Minor]. It can boldly be called "Hattian" in contrast to the pastoral "Atykhian."


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

Jemdet Nasr is an archaeological site in Iraq. Located in the Iraqi province of Babil, northeast of the ancient cities of Babylon and Kish and east of Kutha. Possibly, the world's oldest writing monuments are presented here.

Jemdet Nasr is the type site for the Early Bronze Age culture of southern Mesopotamia, also called the Jemdet Nasr period (or Uruk III period). The period was short-lived, dated around the 30th century BC (according to the boldest estimates — from the 32nd to the 29th centuries BC). It was during this period that writing emerged in southern Mesopotamia and cylinder seals first appeared. An urban revolution also occurred: numerous small settlements of Mesopotamia turned into large cities. More details.

Uruk (Sumerian: Unug, Biblical: Erech, Greek: Orchoë, modern: Warka) — In the 3rd millennium BC, an ancient Sumerian city-state in Southern Mesopotamia (Southern Iraq). It was Uruk that became the first city of Southern Mesopotamia. A wall was erected around it — which indicated that Uruk had become a city, not just a settlement. Up to 6 thousand inhabitants lived in this city, representing 3–4 peoples speaking different languages. The city became the temple and military center of Southern Mesopotamia. More details.

The Remedello culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture that existed in Italy in the 3rd millennium BC in the Po Valley. More details.

Ötzi — the ice mummy of a Chalcolithic man, discovered in 1991 in the Tyrolean Alps. Ötzi belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup G2a (G2a4 (G-L91) or G2a1b2) and his age, determined by radiocarbon dating, is approximately 5,300 years. Among his equipment was a copper axe similar to finds from Remedello culture burials.

Source:

Theorized origins of G2a3a1. Kandell 2009

Source:

Ancient DNA suggests the leading role played by men in the Neolithic dissemination. Lacan 2011

Source:

Haplogroups and haplotypes of the Caucasus. A. A. Klyosov 2012

The Jebusites appear — the pre-Jewish population of Judea, who at the end of the 3rd millennium BC founded the city of Jerusalem (formerly known as Salem or Jebus) and originally inhabited it. More details.

After the advance of the Globular Amphora Culture, the Novosvobodnaya culture, widespread in the foothills of the North Caucasus, formed in place of the Maykop culture.


Sources:

Ancient DNA

The Hattians appear — a people who inhabited the country of Hatti in central and southeastern Anatolia (present-day Turkey) during the period 2500–1700 BC. More details.

The Hurrians appear. Known from the 3rd millennium BC in Northern Mesopotamia and along the left tributaries of the Tigris. In Syria and Mesopotamia they lived interspersed with Semites. In the 16th–13th centuries BC, the Hurrians created the state of Mitanni in Northern Mesopotamia and exerted a strong influence on the Hittite Kingdom. More details.

The Sumerians appear — the conventional designation in scientific literature for the ancient population of Southern Mesopotamia who spoke the Sumerian language; the Sumerians are usually associated with the emergence of civilization in the Tigris and Euphrates valley — one of the first civilizations in human history. More details.