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The Globular Amphora Culture, belonging to haplogroup G, migrated from Germany and Poland toward the Steppe and to the Caucasus 4900–4300 years ago. During this period of migrations, cultures such as Trypillia, Yamnaya, Maykop disappear, and the Kura-Araxes culture is displaced to northern Anatolia. 4100 years ago, the Kuban-Terek culture — the eastern branch of the Globular Amphora Culture — was created in the Caucasus.

Bronze Age Y-DNA and mtDNA samples
Bronze Age mtDNA samples
Hg	N	R0/HV	H	V	J	T	U	(U2)	(U3)	(U4)	(U5)	K	I	W	X	Others
N=61	0	1	22	1	11	6	18	(1)	(0)	(1)	(11)	6	1	0	1	0
%	0%	1.5%	36%	1.5%	18%	10%	29.5%	1.5%	0%	1.5%	18%	10%	1.5%	0%	1.5%	0%
Countries				Denmark, Germany, Spain, Greece
Bronze Age Y-DNA samples
Hg				F	I1	I2* + I2a	I2b	R1a	R1b	G2a	J2	J* + J1	E1b1b	T	Q	N
N=16				0	0	0	11	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
%				0%	0%	8%	69%	25%	6%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Countries				Germany
Sources
6000—1000 BCE — Linear Pottery and Yamna cultures. Haak & Reich 2014; 2900—2300 BCE — Battle Axe culture. Haak 2008; 2500—800 BCE — Bronze Age Europe. Haak 2008, Hervella 2012; 1300—750 BCE — Urnfield culture. Schilz 2006; 2700—500 BCE — Nordic Bronze Age. Melchior 2010; 2700—500 BCE — Balkan Bronze Age. CARDOŞ 2008; 1900—1100 BCE — Mycenaean civilization. Bouwman 2014; 1800 BCE — 250 CE — Nuragic civilization. Ghirotto 2010; 1800—450 BCE — Srubnaya, Chernogorovka and Cimmerian cultures. Nikitin 2011;

All ancient DNA of Europe


Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups of Abkhazians
Data from LITVINOV 2007

Population: Abkhazians
Ethnic group: Abkhazians
Geographic location: Abkhazia, various regions
Sample size: 137
Haplogroups: H: 23.4, X: 9.5, U3: 7.3, U5: 7.3, U1a: 5.8, C 5.8, R*: 5.8, U4: 5.1, W: 5.1, K: 3.7, T1a: 3.7, D: 2.9, I: 2.2, U2e: 2.2, U2d: 1.5, HV*: 1.5, HV1: 1.5, J1: 1.5, A: 0.7, F: 0.7, M*: 0.7, M1: 0.7, T*: 0.7, U1b: 0.7

More about Mitochondrial DNA of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

Presumed place of origin: Caucasus

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 12%.

Abkhazians, Ossetians-Ironians and Digorians, Shapsugs and Circassians (Adyghe) have one common ancestor in haplogroup G-P16, who lived 163–195 generations ago or 4875 ± 500 years. ^[1]

According to other researchers (Sabitov 2011), haplogroup G-P16 appeared in the Caucasus from the territory of Asia Minor during the period 2500–3000 years ago. The Sauromatians managed to preserve their major haplogroup (naturally adopting scattered haplotypes of neighboring peoples) and spread as far as Western Kazakhstan, but lost their language ("adopted a distorted Scythian language" according to Herodotus) and later their descendants — the Alans — with the invasion of various peoples (Huns, Turks, Khazars, Kipchaks, and later Mongols), went into the mountains, preserving their language from assimilation.

More about haplogroup G-P16

G2a and J2b: Old Europe and Impressed Ware culture.

The number of representatives of G2a in the Maykop culture decreases, but grows in the Kura-Araxes.

J2 in Mesopotamia and the Levant.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

The Bell Beaker tradition, until the 1980s — the Bell Beaker culture (English: Beaker culture) (approximately 2800–1900 BC) — an archaeological culture of the Late Neolithic — Early Bronze Age of Western and Central Europe. Isolated sites of this tradition are also found in North Africa (Morocco). The term was proposed by the English archaeologist John Abercromby and is based on the characteristic shape of the pottery.

In burials of this culture, only representatives with Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1b (including R1b1b2-M269(xS21/U106), R1b1a2a1a2) were found. In representatives of this culture, mitochondrial haplogroups were found: W, I1a1, K1, T1, U2, U4, U5, T1a, H, H4, H5, T2. More details.

Analysis of finds in the city of Wrocław, Poland revealed the presence of haplogroup G (Gworys 2011). This is the period of the Globular Amphora culture.

The roots of the foothill Kuban-Terek culture we identified (21st–13th centuries BC), chronologically bordering the Novosvobodnaya culture, go back to the same "ancient European" cultures — the Globular Amphora and Corded Ware cultures on the border of Central and Eastern Europe. (Nikolaeva 2011)

J-Z35828 (J-Y26650) split from J-Z35834 2,800 BC, MRCA 1,750 BC > J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

Abkhazia 4%, Georgia 1%, Adygea 1%, Kabardino-Balkaria 1%, Karachay-Cherkessia 1%

Shushuk 3 (J-Z35828) — a man who lived between 1624 and 1519 BC in the Late Bronze Age. His remains were found in the region now known as Shushuk, Pobeda, Russia (Republic of Adygea). He belonged to the cultural group "Caucasian Bronze Age." His direct maternal lineage belongs to mitochondrial haplogroup U3a. Source: SUS003 from Ghalichi et al. 2024.

The Minoans migrated from Mesopotamia through Anatolia and mainly belonged to haplogroup J2 and to a lesser extent to G2a and E1b1b.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay
Y-DNA haplogroups of ancient civilizations. Maciamo Hay 2008

In the work "The Discovery and Decipherment of the Ancient Script of the Caucasus. G. F. Turchaninov" inscriptions are deciphered and studied, establishing the existence in the Caucasus of a previously unknown civilization and the syllabic script created within it, belonging to the ancestors of the Abkhazians, Abazins and Ubykhs, who once called themselves Ashuians, and their country Ashuia. In the 3rd millennium BC, this country stretched from the Black Sea in the south to present-day Maykop in the north and extended beyond the Kuban River in the northwest and the Phasis (Rioni) in the southeast. The oldest archaeological realities of the Ashuian civilization were the Maykop, Kura-Araxes, Dolmen and Colchian cultures. The published written monuments of the Ashuian language cover the period from the mid-3rd millennium BC to the 4th–5th centuries AD. At the end of the 3rd — beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, the Ashuian script was brought to ancient Phoenicia by Ashuian slaves sold there and was established there as the Proto-Byblian (pseudographic) script. This explains the uniformity in the scripts of Ashuia (ancient Abkhazia) and Byblos (Phoenicia). The Ashuian script in Byblos later became the basis for the creation of the Phoenician script itself.