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1. G2a: Illyria, Thrace, Macedonia.
2. J2 and to a lesser extent G2a in Mitanni.
3. J2b and G2a Terramare culture, Italy.
4. J2 and G2a Minoan Crete.
5. G2a Caucasian Bronze Age.
6. J2 and G2a Pontus and Lycia.
7. J2 and G2a Hittites and Lydia.
8. J2 and to a lesser extent G2a Kaskians and Lydia.
9. J2 and to a lesser extent G2a Levant.
10. According to Khudaverdyan 2012, craniological and dental studies reveal a direct kinship connection between subjects from the following burial grounds: 2000—1500 BC — 99 Volga-Ural region, Spiridonovka II, Rozhdestveno I. Abashevo culture. Figure 2; 1800—1100 BC — 144 Ukraine, Shirochansky. Thracians, Cimmerians. Timber-grave and Belozerska cultures. Figures 2, 3; 1100—600 BC — 20 Georgia, Mtskheta, Samtavro, Tserovani. Figures 2, 3; 600—300 BC — 129 Mouth of the Don, Beglitsa. Scythians, Maeotians. Figure 2. Judging by the Abkhaz-Adyghe G2a2b predominant in the Northern Black Sea region before the Caucasian War, there are direct grounds to consider G2a2b as one of the main haplogroups of the tribes of the Abashevo culture. There is a connection with the megalithic structures of Arkaim.

Sources:

Ancient DNA
Maciamo Hay

The beginning of the spread of iron products [8th–7th centuries BC]. Archaeological cultures of the region: "Babino," "Timber-grave" [steppes of the Azov region and Ciscaucasia], "Koban" [Central Caucasus], "Proto-Maeotian" [Kuban and Azov region].


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

Settlement of the Azov steppes by tribes of the Catacomb culture. At the same time, the following cultures existed in the region: "North Caucasian" [Trans-Kuban region], "Dolmen" [Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. From the 3rd millennium BC to the 7th century BC). Dolmens were built throughout the 2nd millennium BC. Interestingly, such large accumulations of megaliths occur on the northern slope precisely in the area where the center of the Maykop culture was previously located.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Kaskians (Abeshla) appear — a people (group of tribes) inhabiting northeastern Anatolia and the southern Black Sea coast (Pontus) during the 2nd millennium BC from the Halys River (Kızılırmak) or west of it, to the upper Euphrates west of modern Erzincan — Erzindjan, including the valleys of the Iris (Yeşilırmak) and Lycus (Wolf River, Gayl-get, Kelkit) rivers. This people is attested in cuneiform inscriptions of ancient Asia Minor. More details.

The Babylonians appear, who formed from the descendants of the Sumerians, Akkadians and part of the Amorites. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, the Babylonians assimilated the Kassites; in the 1st millennium BC, a significant number of Chaldean populations joined the Babylonians. It is believed that the ancient Babylonians in southern Mesopotamia belonged mainly to haplogroups J1, J2 and T, and to a lesser extent, E1b1b and G (M201). More details.

Sources:

Y-DNA haplogroups of ancient civilizations. Maciamo Hay 2008

After the advance of the Globular Amphora Culture, the Trialeti culture formed in place of the Kura-Araxes, localized in Georgia and Armenia. The Kuban-Terek culture — the eastern branch of the Globular Amphora Culture, occupied the central foothills of the Caucasus.


Sources:

Ancient DNA

The Aryans (Aryas) appear, who in 1,500 BC invaded the Indian subcontinent, belonging mainly to haplogroup R1a (Z93), and to a lesser extent to G2a2b2a (P303), J2b2, R1b (M269 and M73) and R2. This is known from Y-DNA studies in the higher castes of Indian society (Brahmins and Kshatriyas), who are descendants of the Indo-Aryans with the least degree of admixture (modern India is a rigid caste society). Modern Indian Dravidians are the autochthonous people of India of that period, with South Asian haplogroups C5, F, H and L. More details.

The Hittites appear — an Indo-European people of the Bronze Age who lived in Asia Minor, where they founded the Hittite Kingdom. More details.

The Proto-Indo-Iranians, Proto-Iranians before the breakup of Common Iranian at the very end of the 2nd millennium BC, and the Eastern Iranians (which included the ancestors of the Scythians) after this breakup were in contact with speakers of North Caucasian languages. This is evidenced by borrowings in Indo-Iranian and Iranian, whose phonetic appearance is uncharacteristic of Indo-European in general and Indo-Iranian in particular (a list of such Indo-Iranian words was compiled by A. M. Lubotsky: LUBOTSKY 2001.


Scythians: language and ethnos. Sergey Kullanda 2014

According to the results of lexico-statistical reconstruction of the evolution of Kartvelian languages, Klimov 1959 ^[1], the divergence of Proto-Georgian and Svan languages began around 1900 BC.


^[1] On the glottochronological method of dating the breakup of the proto-language. Klimov 1959

Source.

An ethno-cultural association of the Late Bronze Age (18th–12th centuries BC, according to other estimates — 16th–12th centuries BC), widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe between the Dnieper and the Urals, with isolated sites in Western Siberia and the North Caucasus. It was originally identified as a culture in 1901–1903 by the Russian archaeologist V. A. Gorodtsov, but in the 1970s, N. Ya. Merpert and E. N. Chernykh drew attention to local differences within the culture and introduced the concept of "Timber-grave cultural-historical community" into scientific circulation. It is represented by sites of the Pokrovsk (18th–15th centuries BC) and Berezhnovka-Maevka (17th–12th centuries BC) Timber-grave cultures, consisting of settlements, necropolises, workshops, mines, hoards and isolated finds. Dwellings — dugouts, semi-dugouts and above-ground. Necropolises are represented by kurgan and flat cemeteries. In kurgan stratigraphy, Timber-grave burials occupy an upper position in relation to the graves of the Yamnaya and Catacomb communities. The rite involved burying the deceased in pits or wooden timber frames in a crouched position, on the left side, hands in front of the face. Cases of cremation are also known. Grave goods are represented by sharp-ribbed and pot-shaped vessels, and less often by metal products. Climate change, depletion of natural resources and overpopulation led to a sharp reduction in population and cultural transformation of the tribes of the Timber-grave community. More details.

G (M201): the Catacomb culture was replaced by the Timber-grave culture, widespread in the steppe and forest-steppe zone of Eastern Europe between the Dnieper and the Urals, with isolated sites in Western Siberia and the North Caucasus. The Catacomb rite reappears in the Pontic region with the return of the Scytho-Sauromatians. The bearers of the Timber-grave culture chronologically preceded the Scythians and Cimmerians. For this reason, the Timber-grave culture is often considered as the archaeological analogue of the first Iranian dialects of the Northern Black Sea region. In other words, the bearers of the culture are the predecessors of the Scythians and related peoples. The area of the Timber-grave culture is considered the staging ground from which the migration of ancient Iranians to the northwest of modern Iran took place. According to B. V. Tekhov, the Hittites moved in the same direction.


Sources:

Ancient DNA

According to Khudaverdyan 2012, craniological and dental studies reveal a direct kinship connection between subjects from the following burial grounds: 2000—1500 BC — 99 Proto-Cimmerians, Volga-Ural region, Spiridonovka II, Rozhdestveno I. Abashevo culture. Figure 2; 1800—1100 BC — 144 Ukraine, Shirochansky. Thracians, Cimmerians. Timber-grave and Belozersk cultures. Figures 2, 3; 1100—600 BC — 20 Georgia, Mtskheta, Samtavro, Tserovani. Figures 2, 3; 600—300 BC — 129 Mouth of the Don, Beglitsa. Scythians, Maeotians. Figure 2. Judging by the Abkhaz-Adyghe G2a2b predominant in the Northern Black Sea region before the Caucasian War, there are direct grounds to consider G2a2b as one of the main haplogroups of the Thracians and Cimmerians.

The Hittites, Lydians, Lycians, Phrygians and Proto-Armenians-Armenians (all mainly belonging to haplogroup R1b-L23) alternately invaded Anatolia (haplogroups: E1b1b, G2a, J1, J2, T).

J-BY175098 (J-Y156116) split from J-Z35828 1,750 BC, MRCA 600 BC > J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

Abkhazia 1%, Karachay-Cherkessia 1%

According to the results of lexico-statistical reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasian languages, Balanovsky et al. 2011 ^[1], the divergence of Proto-Ossetian and Eastern Iranian languages began 3700 years ago.


Source:

^[1] Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region. Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data. Supplementary Figure 2

› Abkhaz-Adyghe languages
› 1600 BC. Adyghe-Circassian
› 1600 BC. Abkhaz-Abazin

More details

According to the results of lexico-statistical reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasian languages, Balanovsky et al. 2011 [1], the divergence of Abkhaz-Abazin and Circassian-Adyghe languages began 3600 years ago.


Source:

^[1] Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region. Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data. Supplementary Figure 2

Santorini is an active shield volcano on the island of Thera, also known as Fira, in the Aegean Sea, whose eruption led to the destruction of Aegean cities and settlements on the islands of Crete, Thera and the Mediterranean coast. In terms of power, the eruption had a magnitude of 7, comparable to the Tambora eruption and 3 times stronger than the Krakatoa eruption. The eruption destroyed the Minoan civilization of Crete and caused a giant tsunami up to 18 m high. The ash cloud extended for 200–1000 km.

Agriculture dominated on Crete. The inhabitants were mainly engaged in farming. After the eruption, volcanic ash covered all the fields on Crete and put an end to agriculture, while coastal cities and villages were washed away by a giant tsunami wave. Later, in 1450 BC, a fire that broke out simultaneously destroyed all the palaces — there is speculation that some invasion of Crete occurred after the Dorian invasion. There is unclear evidence that the settlements of Crete were destroyed by the "Sea Peoples."

G2a: Tumulus culture, Central Europe.

An archaeological culture of the Middle and Late Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC), widespread in Central Europe. Possibly a continuation of the Unetice culture and occupied the same lands, except for Bavaria and Württemberg. At the end of the Bronze Age, it was succeeded by the Urnfield culture.

In Europe, the bearers of the Tumulus culture were carriers of haplogroup R1b, and G2a (less).


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

Sources:

Maciamo Hay

The culture belongs to the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, approximately dated from the 16th to the 7th centuries BC. Scientists have studied the following complexes of sites:

Eshera (1934), Gagra (1971), Kulanurkhva (1969), Zvandripsh (1969), Upper Eshera (1953), Kulanurkhva-1, Kulanurkhva-6, 7, Gal hoard, Lower Eshera (1930), Bambora (1940), Primorskoe, Gudauta (1960), Kulanurkhva-11, Krasny Mayak-2, 4, Achandara (1970), Lower Eshera (1969), Krasny Mayak-62, 93, Kulanurkhva-8, 9, Krasny Mayak-11, 17, Kulanurkhva-4, 5, Kulanurkhva-10, Krasny Mayak-07, Kulanurkhva-3 and others. More details.

The Mitannians appear — the people of the state of Mitanni (Hanigalbat in Assyrian texts, Naharin(a) in Egyptian and Semitic) — an ancient state (16th–13th centuries BC) on the territory of Northern Mesopotamia and adjacent regions. More details.

Targitaus — in Scythian mythology, the first man, the progenitor of the Scythians. A character analogous to Targitaus is called Heracles by the Greeks. A deity under this same Greek name appears in Herodotus's description of the Scythian pantheon of seven gods. Herodotus also tells us that, according to the Scythians themselves, 1000 years passed from the time of the first king Targitaus to the invasion of Darius (6th century BC) into their land. In Diodorus's version of this myth, the character analogous to Targitaus is called Scythes. Targitaus is the father of Lipoxais (Avchatae), Arpoxais (Catiari and Traspii; attention has long been drawn to the consonance of the name Arpoxais and the biblical Arphaxad — the firstborn of Shem, grandfather of Eber and great-grandfather of Peleg, who, according to ancient sources, went to Scythia; moreover, the name Arpaxai is associated with Riphath (Ripat), son of Gomer) and Colaxais (Scoloti, Paralatae and possibly Colchi and Coli), who laid the foundation for the division of Scythian society into clans. Targitaus is also associated with the Hittite and Luwian Tarḫunna and the Hattian Taru, often associated with "thunder and lightning." From the myth of Targitaus, as B. A. Rybakov suggests, memories remained in Russian epic tales — stories about the hero Tarkh Godinovich (Tarkh Tarkhovich). S. A. Zhebelev considered Targitaus to be Herodotus's own invention, although he did raise the question of the linguistic analysis of this name. Such an analysis was made (S. A. Zhebelev apparently did not know about it) by V. F. Miller. Comparing the name Targitaus with the name of the Sindi-Maeotian queen Tirgatao, he suggested that the former was distorted and sounded as Tirgataos among the "natives." According to Herodotus, the Scythian tribe of the 1st century, the Avchatae, descended from Lipoxais, the eldest son of Targitaus. According to Pliny the Elder, "inland live the Avchatae, in whose territories the Hypanis originates." In the upper reaches of the Hypanis (modern Southern Bug) in Scythian times there were many monuments richly saturated with various ancient imports, which was explained by the direct and short route connecting this land of grain exporters with Olbia. This circumstance explains the later testimony of Valerius Flaccus about the wealth of the legendary Avkh, the progenitor of the Avchatae. The Avchatae were closely adjacent to the Paralatae. Linguistically, this name 'Avchatae' can be associated both with the Hattians and Hittites, and with the Abkhazians; the name Lipoxais is interpreted by Iranologists as Mountain-King (possibly Elbrus). More details.

J2b2 and G2a2b2a (P303) together with the numerically dominant R1a participate in the Indo-Aryan invasion of India.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

According to researchers (in particular Klyosov 2013), haplogroup J2a1b (M67) appeared in the Caucasus around 1500 BC.