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Interspecies and even intergeneric hybrids among primates and great apes have long been known. Therefore, even if any of the lines listed below are not our direct ancestors, it is believed ^[sources] that based on the similarity of traits, they most likely interbred with each other, and consequently participated in the evolution of Homo sapiens sapiens.


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Biological classification of Homo sapiens.

Domain: Eukaryota.
Kingdom: Animalia.
Phylum: Chordata.
Clade: Craniata.
Subphylum: Vertebrata.
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata.
Superclass: Tetrapoda.
Class: Mammalia.
Subclass: Theria.
Infraclass: Placentalia.
Superorder: Euarchontoglira.
Grandorder: Euarchonta.
Mirorder: Primatomorpha.
Order: Primates.
Suborder: Haplorrhini.
Infraorder: Simiiformes.
Parvorder: Catarrhini.
Superfamily: Hominoidea.
Family: Hominidae.
Subfamily: Homininae.
Tribe: Hominini.
Subtribe: Hominina.
Genus: Homo.
Species: Homo sapiens. COPY

Materials:

Human evolution. The origin of humanity - Anthropogenesis.RU
The very first of the first? At the roots of the sapiens genus: new dates from Ksar Akil. S. Drobyshevsky 2013
The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective. Semino 2000
A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Green 2010
Drafting Human Ancestry. Commentary on Green et al. (2010)
68000–56000 BC. Bottleneck for non-Africans
Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans met, communicated and left offspring tens of thousands of years ago.


Anthropogenesis


Every person is concerned with their past. They usually know their personal past, but not always their history, their roots. History has different depths. The history of one's native country can span centuries and even millennia, but once you go back several millennia, it gets lost in the mists of time. The history of civilization is slightly longer, but still does not reach ten millennia. And what about earlier times? Who lived before people learned to write and pass down stories about themselves to generations? What did these ancestors look like? What did they do? How did they live?

Several sciences answer these questions.

Archaeology studies the history of human society through the remains of material culture. Archaeology can be briefly defined as the history of things. Objects found in the earth — potsherds, knives, building foundations, coins — can tell us a great deal about their creators and users. Deeper in the earth, such objects cannot be found — there we will only find stone arrowheads and scrapers, occasionally fragments of wooden spears. Even deeper — archaeological silence — layers of centuries when there were no beings on Earth that manufactured tools. At this point, archaeology falls silent.

Anthropology studies the variability of human biological traits over time and space. In other words, anthropology deals with normal human biology (abnormal biology is the domain of medicine). The diversity of body structure and body types is studied by human morphology (in a narrower sense — somatology, and in a broader sense — constitutionology). The variability of modern humans in space is studied by the branch of anthropology called racial studies. The variability of a particular person over time — throughout life, ontogenesis — is studied by age anthropology (auxology deals with children, gerontology with the elderly). The variability of humans over geological — large-scale — time is studied by anthropogenesis or paleoanthropology.




Earth's temperature over the last 500 million years

The last mass extinction, which wiped out 17% of all families and 39–47% of all genera, 68–75% of all species, including the dinosaurs. Also extinct were the last ammonites and belemnites, rudists, orders of foraminifera Miliolida and Globigerinida, many diatoms, dinophytes, terebratulids, calcareous and hexactinellid sponges, fish and marine reptiles (plesiosaurs and mosasaurs), and on land — plants, birds, lizards, snakes, insects. Apparently, for aquatic organisms, the mode of nutrition played a decisive role: taxa that fed on photosynthetic organisms suspended in the water column suffered much more than those that required settled detritus. Although it took 10 million years to restore biodiversity, this extinction was nevertheless not the most significant, being smaller in scale than others in the "Big Five," however, it attracts great interest because it accelerated the evolution of mammals (in particular, the appearance of humans); it destroyed the dinosaurs and was possibly caused by a meteorite impact, making it popular in mass culture.

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is one of the most significant abrupt climate changes in the geological history of the Phanerozoic.

According to paleoclimate reconstructions, temperatures on continents during this event increased by 8 °C. Water temperature in the tropics reached 20 °C, which is 1.5 °C higher than the modern value; in the Arctic seas, the warming was significantly greater, and the increase in surface water temperature of the Arctic Ocean could have been up to 10 °C.

The thermal maximum corresponds to large-scale changes in the planet's climate and the composition of its upper geospheres. They were also reflected in the biosphere. At the Paleocene–Eocene boundary, a significant extinction of species occurred. Primitive mammals disappeared, replaced by mammals of modern type, all in a smaller size class.

Ancestors of Homo Sapiens develop the ability to digest plant food.

400 – 100 thousand years ago – Lower Paleolithic (Acheulean era – named after the French site of Saint-Acheul). This is the time of human formation, their emergence from the animal world, which in science is called anthropogenesis (from Greek anthropos – man, genesis – origin). The first representatives of the human genus from Asia Minor began to penetrate into the Western Transcaucasia approximately 400–300 thousand years ago. First came archanthropes (Greek "primordial people"), then paleoanthropes (Greek "ancient people") and finally, Neanderthals (from the Neander Valley in Germany). Of all the Paleolithic sites in Abkhazia, the largest and most interesting is in the village of Yashtkhua. Its area is 70 hectares. The main tools of its inhabitants were massive, roughly worked bifacial hand axes and various hammerstones. Ancient people at that time were engaged in gathering and hunting.

100 – 35 thousand years ago – Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian era – named after the Le Moustier cave in France). Approximately 100 thousand years ago, the Caucasus was covered by a glacier. In this era, caves – natural shelters in limestone rocks – began to play a greater role in people's lives. Over 100 sites of Mousterian tools are known on the territory of Abkhazia. The most important Mousterian sites in Abkhazia are located in the settlements: Kelasur, Ochamchira, Lechkop, Achguara, Kaldakhvara, Lykhny, Gudauta, Khuap, Eshera and others. The Mousterians mainly ate the meat of cave and forest animals. At this time, people learned to make composite (wood and stone) tools. The most important achievement of this era was mastering the method of artificially producing fire by rubbing dry sticks. They were engaged in maintaining fire, smoking meat, collecting and processing plant food, making clothing. Researchers suggest that the Mousterians already knew how to use a significant number of words and sounds in communication with each other.


Materials:

"History of Abkhazia in Dates." T.A. Achugba 2011

Haplogroup CT — in genetic genealogy, it is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup defining one of the largest paternal lineages of humanity from father to son. Men belonging to this group have Y-DNA with SNP mutations M168 along with P9.1 and M294. These mutations are present in all modern human male lines except A and B, which are almost entirely found in Africa. Haplogroup CT is a descendant of the ancestral group BT. The ancestor of haplogroup F-M89.

Materials:

New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Karafet 2008
Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations. Underhill 2007

Haplogroup F-M89 (ancestor of haplogroup G-M201) advances from Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, to the Middle East, to Zahedan, Iran ^{[Ancient DNA]}. More details.

Materials:

Neanderthals, Denisovans and modern humans met, communicated and left offspring tens of thousands of years ago.