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According to the Georgian DNA Project, this descendant of an ancient princely house of Mingrelia is assigned to haplogroup G-M201. This family hereditarily held the positions of mouravi of Chaladidi and Nokalakevi and mdivanbeg of Chaladidi. One of the representatives of the family — Prince Peter Mikadze at the end of the 16th century, accompanying one of the Megrelian rulers (apparently George III Dadiani), moved to Kartli, becoming the founder of the Kartlian branch of the family; his descendants were in spiritual service and were hereditary archpriests of the Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral. The elder brothers of Peter, Bejan and Katsia Mikadze, are referred to in one document as princes of Poti and Anaklia, mouravi (voivodes) of Chaladidi and Nokalakevi. The family is mentioned with these same titles during the reign of Levan V Dadiani. The princes Mikadze begin to be mentioned in historical sources from the 16th century.

Source.

Russia's Policy in the Caucasus in the 16th–19th Centuries. Smirnov 1958

Sample size: 17
Time range of admixture events: 1418–1810 AD
Approximate date of the main admixture event: 1530 AD

The "Adyghe" group, as a contemporary population, formed as a result of two main admixture events. The second, more ancient one, is described below. The first, in 1530, occurring between 1418 and 1810, involved the following groups:

First component in the "Adyghe" group mixture (orange): Finnish (1.8%), Xibo (1.5%), Oroqen (1.4%), Mongola (0.9%), Hazara (0.6%), Yi (0.5%), Yakut (0.2%), Balochi (0.2%), Hezhen (0.2%), Lithuanian (0.2%), Orcadian (0.2%), Burusho (0.2%), Basque (0.1%), Daur (0.1%), Maya (0.1%), BantuKenya (0.1%), Indian (0.1%), Lahu (0.1%), Chuvash (0.1%), Colombian (0.1%), Hadza (0.1%), Naxi (0.1%)

Second component in the "Adyghe" group mixture (blue): Georgian (35.8%), Hungarian (13.3%), Turkish (11.8%), Armenian (5.9%), Lezgin (5.8%), Greek (5.6%), Cypriot (3.0%), Iranian (2.2%), Pathan (1.3%), Balochi (1.3%), Syrian (1.1%), Polish (0.9%), Chuvash (0.8%), Palestinian (0.5%), Scottish (0.5%), Druze (0.4%), Sindhi (0.3%), Burusho (0.3%), Kalash (0.2%)


History of the region of the "Adyghe" group during the main admixture event, 1530 AD (1418–1810 AD)

Graph 2 shows the 3 main components of the "Adyghe" group mixture for this period: Georgians, Hungarians and Turks. The similarity of the genetic picture with the "Georgian" group is clarified in the previous section. That is, if the "Georgian" group was formed as a contemporary population during the periods of the existence of the common Abkhazian-Georgian kingdoms (914–1278 AD), then this later period (1418–1810) naturally shows the predominance of the "Georgian" group in today's "Adyghe" group.

The Turkic segment is associated with a shared centuries-long history. From the ancient history of Abkhazia, it is known that the Abkhazian king Leon I married the daughter of the Khazar khagan (8th century). Their son Leon II, with the support of the Khazars, achieved the separation of Abkhazia and Lazica from the Byzantine Empire (8th century) and proclaimed the Abkhazian Kingdom [Essays on ICH, p. 67]. Later, the beginning of close contacts between the Abkhazians and Turks dates to the 16th century, when the domination of Sultanic Turkey began in Abkhazia (16th–18th centuries). According to A.K. Shagirov, most Turkisms entered the Adyghe language during the Tatar yoke and during the Turkish-Crimean expansion in the Northwestern Caucasus [Shagirov 1989, p. 74]. Approximately by the 13th–14th centuries, the Turkic-speaking Karachays and Balkars, descendants of a number of Turkic tribes including the Cumans, with whom the Kumyks are associated by origin, gravitated to the mountains of the central part of the North Caucasus. Around the 14th–15th centuries, the Nogais also appeared here. Somewhat later, the Turkic-speaking Trukhmens, very close to the Central Asian Turkmens, appeared in Stavropol region [Klimov 1965, p. 11]. King David IV the Builder, in his struggle against the Turkic Oghuz of the Seljuk Empire, invited and settled in Borchaly and adjacent regions a Kipchak horde numbering 40 thousand warriors, which together with their families totaled about 200 thousand people. It is worth noting that at the same time King David IV became related to the Kipchaks, taking the daughter of the khan as his wife.

The segment of the "Hungarian" group: from the 9th century, the Magyars (proto-Hungarians) began to break into the Adyghe Black Sea steppes. In the 9th–10th centuries, they roamed the steppes between the Don and the Dnieper, against which the Khazars built the fortress of Sarkel on the left bank of the Don (Tsimlyansk) in 835. It is also reliably known that Hungarian Dominicans (a Catholic monastic order) in 1236 set out beyond the Volga and for their missionary plans landed precisely in Matrega (or Tmutarakan — one of the oldest cities on the Taman Peninsula, located on the territory of the modern stanitsa Taman, Temryuk district, Krasnodar Krai). In the 14th century, the Matrega Catholic diocese was already formed on the Taman Peninsula, whose bishop was a Circassian (Adyghe). Of today's Adyghe, for example, the Besleneyites (a sub-ethnic group of the Adyghe) generally consider themselves descendants of the Magyars.

Below are the main known events for the "Adyghe" group during the studied period:

15th century

15th century - After the invasions of the Golden Horde and Tamerlane, Circassia [the new name for Zikhia and Kasogia in the sources], deprived of a single ruler, was divided into principalities, between which internecine clashes constantly arose. The Adyghe were still engaged in maritime piracy, their ships sailed along the coasts of the Black and Azov Seas, attacking Genoese ships. In the Northwestern Caucasus appears (most likely, returned from Egypt Adyghe-Mamluk) Inal, who became the progenitor of many princely families in the principalities of Kabarda, Beslaney, Temirgoy and in Abkhazia. He united part of the Adyghe and Abkhaz-Abazins into a single state, restraining the recalcitrant princes.

15th century – The Ottomans [Turkic Seljuks] imitated the Egyptian Mamluks, adopting their weaponry samples. Moreover, until 1453, the Ottomans recognized the suzerainty of the Mamluks, and the southeastern Turkish emirates of Anatolia were part of the Mamluk Empire until 1516. But in the Caucasus, countless invasions of the troops of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and his vassals — the Crimean khans — took place. In the first invasion of the Ottoman Empire, the Adyghe gave the Ottoman Turks a worthy rebuff. The Ottomans together with the Crimeans were driven out of the Circassian shores.

1410 – The Mamluks of the Sultan of Egypt [of Adyghe origin] Faraj plundered the impregnable pirate island of Cyprus. This was repeated in 1424 and 1425 under Sultan [of Adyghe origin] Barsbay, and in

1426 the island was completely captured together with the King of Cyprus, Jean.

1412-1421 – Sultan of Egypt from the noble Adyghe clan came to power – Muayyad Karmukov, who was bought out of captivity and appointed governor of Damascus by the Sultan of Egypt [of Adyghe origin] Barquq.

1419 – The Genoese Simon de Guizolfi, having married Princess Biha-hanum, heiress of the Circassian prince of Taman, became the de facto ruler of the peninsula.

1421 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Ahmad, the minor son of Sultan Muayyad Karmukov, but in fact ruled the Adyghe-Mamluk Tatar, who came to power that same year.

1421 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Tatar, who died after 3 months.

1421-1422 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Muhammad, the minor son of Sultan Tatar, but in fact ruled the Adyghe-Mamluk emir Barsbay.

1422-1438 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Barsbay. Under him, all high government posts in Egypt, Syria and other provinces were occupied by Adyghe-Mamluks.

1438 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Yusuf, son of Sultan Barsbay, but in fact ruled the Adyghe emir Jaqmaq.

1438-1453 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Jaqmaq. His reign is considered the most peaceful.

1453 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Uthman, son of Sultan Jaqmaq, who was quickly deposed for foolish rule.

1453 – The sons of Inal could not preserve their father's legacy. A dispute over primacy arose, which was joined by other Circassian princes, and Circassia again fell apart into separate principalities.

1453-1461 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Inal, whom ancient Russian chronicles considered the progenitor of many Adyghe princely families. But this Inal lived his whole life in Egypt and died in 1461 there.

1458 – Laonikos Chalkokondyles, author of the Byzantine history from 1298 to 1463, reports an attack by the Zikhs under the leadership of a certain Artabil on the Empire of Trebizond, which, however, consisted at that time of the city of Trebizond with its environs [Land of the Adyghe - Maykop, 1996]. The name of the pirate admiral - Artabil - should be compared with the ethnicon "Art," which covered one of the subdivisions of Abaza south of the Sadzes [Chelebi E. "Book of Travels"]

22.04.1459 – David, the last emperor of Trebizond, in his message to the Duke of Burgundy Philip, calls the Zikhs and Abasgians among his allies in the impending crusade against the Ottomans [Vasiliev A.A. The Goths in the Crimea].

1461 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Ahmad, the minor son of Sultan Inal, who was deposed in the same year by the Mamluk-Greek Khushkadam, who became sultan until 1468.

1462 – The relationship between Genoa and Zikhia is also characterized by the fact that in 1462 a convention "pro conducendis populis" was concluded with Prince Belzebuk, i.e., on the hiring of soldiers [Brun F. Black Sea Region]

1468-1496 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Qaitbay. The Ottoman Empire blocked the import of gunpowder, metals, and slaves into the Mamluk Sultanate, which served as the beginning of the collapse of the power of the Adyghe Mamluks.

1471 – When Prince Kopa (modern Slavyansk-na-Kubani) Belzebuk deliberately ceased to pay attention to the protection of merchant ships from Caffa, cases of capture became more frequent. And this despite the fact that armed fustas accompanied the passage from Caffa to Copa [Kressel R.Ph. "The Administration of Caffa under the Uffizio di San Giorgio"]. The administration of Caffa was forced to take extreme measures, and forbade all members of the Genoese community to have dealings with the inhabitants of Copa. "As for the great losses and dangers," reported the consul and Massarii on May 18, 1471, to the Bank of San Giorgio in Genoa, "with which the Zikhs annually threaten our merchants and citizens in Copario, it was decided by us this year to prohibit access there to anyone until it is possible to enter into some agreement with those Zikhs" [Zevakin E.S., Penchko N.A.]

1473 – In the correspondence between Caffa and Genoa for 1473, the Zikhs are accompanied by the epithet "treacherous" [Zevakin E.S.]. The Statute of Caffa even introduced mandatory deductions for the strengthening of the walls in Tana from Circassia [Charter for Genoese colonies. 1449]. Those Tatars who dared to raid the Circassians deserve the definition of "mad brave men" from the Italian observer [Contarini A. Journey to Persia]. The Tatars avoided appearing in Circassia without special need and traveled from the Crimea to Astrakhan "going around Circassia" (intorno apreso la Circassia) [Barbaro I. Journey to Tana].

1475 – The Sultan of Turkey Mehmed II assembled a huge fleet in Istanbul, almost 300 warships. Simultaneously with the departure of the ships towards Wallachia, the Ottoman army moved by land, which was joined by the Tatars led by Prince Eminski. Caffa was a powerful fortress, but the city was taken by storm on the fifth day of the siege [June 7]. The Ottoman chronicler Ibn Kemal says of the multitude of Circassian and Russian merchants trading in Caffa: "On that shore there was a beautiful port city, merchants came from sea and land, from the steppes and from the mountains; there the Tatars of the Crimea and the infidels of Circassia and Rus' traded in large numbers." Thus, the Adyghe living in Caffa were the first of their tribesmen to face the Ottoman invasion. In the summer or autumn, the Ottomans launched a raid towards the Don and the Azov region, captured Tana, Matrega, Copa, and in Copa the local Circassian prince died. The indications of the Turkish chroniclers Neshri and Ibn Kemal that the expedition reached "Circassia" shows that the Ottomans limited themselves to capturing fortresses and did not undertake a campaign deep into the Adyghe lands.

1475-1479 – The Ottoman Empire subjugated the Crimean Khanate and moved closer to the lands of the Adyghe.

1481 – The Adyghe sent a delegation to Constantinople to Mehmed II Fatih and asked for the protection of the Porte, undertaking in return to provide the sultan with Circassian cavalry units. Sultan Bayezid II [1481-1512], however, violated the agreement adopted by his predecessor, and transferred to the Crimean khan the rights and obligations arising from the agreement with the Adyghe.

1484 – The Ottoman Empire destroyed the Italian trading posts in Circassia to finally blockade it and stop the supply of Adyghe mercenaries to Mamluk Egypt.

1485-1491 – Under the Sultan of Egypt of Adyghe origin Qaitbay, the Mamluk-Ottoman War began, during which the Mamluks defeated the Turks three times. In the last battle, 4,000 Mamluks defeated 40,000 Ottomans.

1496-1498 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Muhammad.

1498-1500 – Sultan of Egypt from the Adyghe Mamluks came to power – Qansuh.

15th-16th centuries – The ruler of Matrega [Taman] in the second half of the 15th century was Prince Zacharia de Guizolfi [according to Russian materials - Zakharya Guigureis], half-Genoese and half-Adyghe. He was the son of the noble Genoese Vincenzo de Guizolfi and the daughter of the Adyghe prince of Taman Berozokh - Biki-khanum. The marriage to Bike-khanum in 1419 gave Guizolfi Matrega [Taman] as an appanage. In 1475, Matrega was captured by the Turks and Zacharia de Guizolfi fled to Genoa, but on the way he was detained by Stephen of Moldavia, after which he returned to the Taman Peninsula. In 1482, Zacharia sent a letter to Genoa asking for a monetary subsidy, as he had already gathered about 180 families from among the inhabitants of the former Genoese cities and dreamed, as one can understand, of restoring his rights with the help of Mengli-Giray. Money was needed to pay compensation to the Adyghe princes, whom Zacharia could not refuse: "if they are not given, they will become enemies, and I need in any case to have them on my side." Zacharia did not receive a positive answer from Genoa and decided to turn to Ivan III. Twice [in 1483 and 1487] he sent letters to Moscow with Russian merchants passing through Caffa, offering to enter Russian service. Both times the Grand Prince sent him invitations to come to Moscow. Zacharia's independent position towards the sultan did not allow the Grand Prince to use the services of Mengli-Giray to escort the prince to Moscow. After 1491, Zacharia no longer attempted to move to Moscow. In 1500, the Russian envoy Ivan Kubensky was ordered to offer Zacharia to serve the great tsar. However, Zacharia had already entered the service of Mengli-Giray by that time. Until 1505, he is mentioned among the Crimean "princes" to whom Lithuanian commemorations were sent. This indicates that he held a high position at the court of Mengli-Giray. At the same time, his son Vincenzo ["Vicente"] is mentioned, who served several times as envoy to the Grand Prince of Lithuania. Probably, Zacharia's son became a professional diplomat and actively participated in relations with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Ivan III perfectly understood who Zacharia was: in the Grand Prince's charters he is called not only "prince of Taman" and "Fryazin," but also "Cherkasin" and "Cherkashin."

15th century – By the end of the century, the ancestors of the Kabardians had mastered the right bank of the Terek — Lesser Kabarda. At the same time, the Kabardians finally mastered the steppe and foothill spaces of the Terek basin. As a result, their settlements reached the lower reaches of this river. The disintegration of the Golden Horde contributed to the political rise of the Kabardian princes, who took dominant positions on the Ciscaucasian plain and in the foothills, holding in their hands the exits from the mountain gorges.


Conclusions on the admixtures of the "Adyghe" and "Georgian" groups
Main article

In 1555, according to the peace treaty between Iran and Turkey, the Ottoman Empire acquired Imereti, Odishi, Abkhazia, Guria and the Land of the Laz. In 1615, Abkhazia gained temporary independence. However, in fact, Abkhazia, like all of Western Georgia, remained dependent on the Ottoman Empire until 1810. More about the Turks.


Materials:

"History of Abkhazia in Dates." T.A. Achugba 2011

The first "free" Cossacks appeared on the Terek after 1578–1579, when, at Turkey's demand, the Russian fortress at the mouth of the Sunzha was demolished. Fearing a direct confrontation with Turkey, the tsarist government denied through its representatives at the sultan's court any involvement in the appearance of the Cossacks on the Terek. Russian envoys claimed that "runaway Cossacks live on the Terek without the sovereign's knowledge."

More than 50% of the male lineages among the Terek Cossacks belong to haplogroup G2a.

- 1578–1579 AD. Cossacks (Terek),
- 1600 AD. Cossacks (Don, Kuban),
- 1800 AD. Ignat-Cossacks (Lower Kuban).


Materials:

GENETIC TRACES OF HISTORICAL MIGRATIONS. BALANOVSKY 2009