arshba.ru

Grakov believed that the direct ancestors of the Scythians were the tribes of the semi-sedentary (pastoral) Timber-grave culture of the Bronze Age, who penetrated the Northern Black Sea region from the Volga region. The migration took place over a fairly long period from the mid-2nd millennium BC, and Herodotus's migration of the Scythians (8th century BC) can be said to be one of the last waves of migration. The Cimmerians, whom the Scythians encountered, were also one of the waves of the Timber-grave culture, but an earlier one, which ultimately allowed the related tribes to merge, forming a homogeneous ethnic element.

Sources:

Scythians. Grakov 1971

Phoenician script — one of the first phonetic writing systems attested in human history. Appeared around the 15th century BC and became the progenitor of most modern alphabetic and some other writing systems. It used the consonantal principle, i.e., only consonants were used to write words, and the meaning of vowels was left to the reader's understanding. The text was written from right to left.

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

According to researchers (in particular Klyosov 2013), haplogroup J-M67 appeared in the Caucasus around 1500 BC.

More about haplogroup J-M67

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Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

One of the ten tribes that participated in the battle was the Pani tribe (Parni, Parnoi) — a Scythian-related tribe of Sakas from northwestern Afghanistan.


Source:

The Battle of the Ten Kings (dāśarājñá IAST) — a battle described in the 7th Mandala of the Rigveda (hymns 18, 33 and 83.4-8)

G2a: Atlantic Bronze Age (Portugal, Andalusia, Galicia, British Isles).


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

Urartu (Ararat, Biainili, Kingdom of Van, Urartian: KURbi-a-i-na, Armenian: Ուրարտու, Turkish: Urartu, Persian: اورارتو) — an ancient state in southwestern Asia, located on the territory of the Armenian Highlands (modern Armenia, eastern Turkey, northwestern Iran and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan). The existence of Urartu as a union of tribes is documented from the 13th century, and as a state from the 8th century BC. Urartu ceased to exist in the 6th century BC. In the first quarter of the 1st millennium BC, Urartu occupied a dominant position among the states of Western Asia. More details.

G2a2b1: Theorized origins of G2a3a1. Kandell 2009

J2b among representatives of the Lusatian culture, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Belarus and western Ukraine. More details.

The Xiongnu appear — an ancient nomadic people who inhabited the steppes north of China. More details.

The Etruscans appear — an ancient people who inhabited in the 1st millennium BC the northwest of the Apennine Peninsula (the region — ancient Etruria, modern Tuscany) between the Arno and Tiber rivers and created a developed culture that preceded the Roman one and had a great influence on it. Ancient authors attribute an Asia Minor origin to the Etruscans. Migrating from Anatolia or some Aegean islands, the Etruscans settled in Italy, Tuscany and brought with them haplogroups E1b1b, G2a, J2 and R1b-L23. More details.

An archaeological culture in the Caucasus during the Bronze (13th/12th — 4th centuries BC) and Iron Ages (7th — 3rd centuries BC). Representatives of the culture lived from the upper reaches of the Kuban River to the territories of modern Dagestan, with the concentration of settlements located in the central part of the region, on both sides of the Greater Caucasus Range. Anthropological bearers — autochthonous representatives of the Caucasoid type, probably participated in the ethnogenesis of the Ossetians, Balkars, Karachays, Vainakhs (Bats, Ingush, Chechens), Adyghe, Circassians, Abkhazians and Georgians. More details.

Source.

Source.