arshba.ru

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

The Mesolithic (from Greek mesos – middle and lithos – stone), also known as the Middle Stone Age. Some scholars consider the Mesolithic as the final stage of the Upper Paleolithic, while others attribute it to the Neolithic. During the Mesolithic period, thanks to the acquisition of small flint tools – microliths (from Greek mikros – small, lithos – stone), the primitive herd was replaced and the clan community was finally formed. A clan community is an association of people of the same clan who have collective property and manage the economy based on age and gender division of labor without exploitation. By the end of the Paleolithic, the establishment of exogamy (from Greek exo – outside and gamos – marriage), i.e., the prohibition of marriages within one kinship group along the maternal line, should be attributed. The bow and arrow appeared – one of the most important achievements of man – hunting from herd (collective) became individual, and harpoons for fishing were invented. On the territory of Abkhazia, community dwellings are known in the settlements: Kuachara, Yashtkhua, Dzhampal, Khuapynipshakhva (Cold Grotto), Apiancha, Machagua and others.


Materials:

"History of Abkhazia in Dates." T.A. Achugba 2011

Presumed place of origin: possibly Lebanon

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 0.6%.

The maximum peak in Europe is in the Balkans, where in Kosovo, among Kosovar Albanians, J-M12 is found with a frequency of about 17% (however, genetic diversity is low, confirming a "founder effect"), and in Albania itself around 15%. Another region with a high frequency of about 9.6% is the northern part of central Italy. Greece and Macedonia have about 8–10% of the J-M12 lineage, while the southern Greek islands, for example, Crete, have no more than 1–3%. Other Balkan regions show a fairly uniform frequency distribution. For example, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Bulgaria — no more than 6%. In Central Europe, J-M12 is most common among Czechs — about 6%. Other European countries: Russia — no more than 1% (with small peaks in Tver and Penza), Ukraine — 2–3%, Poland, Romania — no more than 2%.

In the Middle East, the J-M12 lineage is distributed fairly evenly on average. However, in Lebanon, the highest genetic diversity is observed (possible place of origin), with a frequency of about 4%. A small frequency peak of about 5% was found in southeastern Anatolia, near the Euphrates, i.e., a region where some of the first Neolithic community settlements were located. In other Middle Eastern countries, the frequency of J-M12 ranges from 1 to 3%.

The center of the Asian part of the J-M12 range can be called India, where the haplogroup is found with a frequency of about 10% in Punjab. In the east of the country — 7%, and in other parts evenly 5–7%. The lineage is found mainly among Dravidians — 19%, and about 10% among Indo-European castes. Next is Nepal — 6.5% (in Kathmandu).

More about haplogroup J-M12

Presumed place of origin: possibly Germany

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 1.9%.

More about haplogroup I-M223

› Sino-Caucasian Macrofamily
› 11000 BC. Sino-Tibetan languages and Na-Dene languages (a language family in North America)
› 11000 BC. North Caucasian-Basque and Yeniseian-Burushaski

More details

Presumed place of origin: possibly the Dinaric Alps (Balkans)

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 0.6%.

More about haplogroup I-M436

G2 from the Levant continued moving into Anatolia, the Caucasus and Europe, while G2b became isolated in the Southern Levant and are now found mainly among Jews.


Sources:

Ancient DNA

The last glacial epoch ended between 15,000 and 10,000 BC (the Younger Dryas and Allerød warming). In February 2012, the US National Academy of Sciences published a report confirming a meteorite impact in Mexico 13,000 years ago, which caused the Younger Dryas and mass extinction of fauna.

An archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic that existed in the south of Russia. Named after the eponymous site Kamennaya Balka on the Sea of Azov. It covered the territory of the northern Black Sea region and the Don River delta, where other sites are also known, for example, Fedorovka.

Period of existence — 13–11 thousand years ago. Typologically linked to the Imeretian culture of the Caucasus, suggesting migration in the direction of the Caucasus.

The stone inventory of this culture is represented by microblades and backed blades. The economy was based on hunting bison and horses.


1 — Molodova culture, site Molodovo 5, layers X–VIII; 2 — Molodova culture, site Molodovo 5, layer VII; 3 — Late Molodova culture, site Molodovo 5, layers III–I; 4 — site Muralovka; 5 — Amvrosievka bone bed; 6 — Kamennaya Balka culture, site Kamennaya Balka 2; 7 — Mezinian culture, site Mezin; 8 — Imeretian culture, sites Gvarjilas-Klde and Apiancha; 9 — Pushkari culture, site Pushkari 1.


Materials:

KAMENNAYA BALKA CULTURE — ONE OF THE KEY UPPER PALEOLITHIC COMPLEXES OF THE NORTHERN BLACK SEA REGION. N. B. LEONOVA 2015