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The Kipchaks (Cumans) (11th–13th centuries – Kuban region, steppes of the Caucasus). "Polovtsy" – in Russian chronicles, "Cumans" – in the works of medieval European authors, a nomadic Turkic-speaking people who appeared in the steppes of the Ural-Volga region and Eastern Europe in the mid-11th century. Before that, they were part of the Kimak-Kipchak Khaganate, whose center was located in the steppes of the Upper Irtysh region. From the mid-11th century, the steppes of the Ural-Volga region in the works of Persian authors receive the name Dasht-i Kipchak ("Kipchak Steppe"). In 1055, the majority of the Kipchak tribes moved beyond the Volga and occupied the steppes of Eastern Europe along the southern borders of Kievan Rus'. During the 12th century, the Kipchaks developed several tribal unions (ordes): Dnieper, Don, Lower Volga (Polovtsy-Saxins) and Eastern (Kipchaks). After the Mongol conquest, the Kipchak tribes became part of the Golden Horde.


Materials:

Anthropology and Ethnology in the 21st Century. Yu.A. Evstigneev
Kartlis Tskhovreba. "ARTANUDJI" Tbilisi 2008. Life of the King of Kings David, p. 189, 25
Moscow Journal. Cumans. Yu.V. Sukharev. 2006

David IV the Builder, in his struggle against the Turkic Oghuz of the Seljuk Empire, invited and settled in Borchaly and adjacent regions a Kipchak horde numbering 40 thousand warriors, which together with their families totaled about 200 thousand people. It is worth noting that at the same time King David IV became related to the Kipchaks, taking the daughter of Khan Gurandukht as his wife.

After the defeats suffered from the Rus' in 1111, the horde of Atrak and Syrchan retreated to the Lower Don and North Caucasian steppes, replenishing their ranks with detachments from other scattered Cuman hordes. The horde of Artak became allies of the Don Alans, who opposed the Rus'.

With the arrival of the Kipchaks in the North Caucasus in 1117, they destroyed Sarkel (White Vezha), forcing the inhabitants of the city, as well as the Pecheneg and Tork tribes, to flee to Rus'.

In the North Caucasus, the Cumans pushed back the Alans, Adyghe and Vainakhs, but by the beginning of the 12th century, the borders between them stabilized along the Kuban River, the Lower Malka and the Terek. The reconciliation between the Alans and the Kipchaks was facilitated by King David IV the Builder. David IV concluded an alliance with the Kipchaks in 1118 due to fear of a Seljuk invasion. Therefore, even earlier, King David married Gurandukht, the daughter of the Kipchak leader Atrak. David sent envoys to the Kipchaks to invite his father-in-law with his army to Transcaucasia to participate in the war against the Seljuks. Consent was obtained from the Kipchaks. The Kipchaks of Atrak who came to David numbered 40,000 warriors, not counting women. In addition, 5,000 chosen warriors joined the royal guard. The horde of Khan Syrchan remained to roam on the Don.

After Atrak's departure to David, the Rus' in 1116–1117 eliminated the Alan principality on the Seversky Donets.

After the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125, Otrak and part of his horde, at the invitation of Khan Syrchan, returned to the Don, but many remained with David.

Life of the King of Kings David, p. 189, 25:

Therefore, he, the second Alexander, conceived – for there was no other way – [to summon the Kipchaks], as he well knew their multitude, bravery in battle, speed in campaigns, fury in attack, manageability and readiness to obey his will in everything; at the same time, they were easy to summon both because of their proximity and their poverty, and also because many years before he had brought from there the worthy, everywhere famous for her virtue Gurandukht, daughter of the Kipchak leader Atrak, son of Sharagan; she became his lawful wife and queen of all Georgia. Therefore, having sent trusted people, he summoned the Kipchaks and his father-in-law. They accepted the offer with joy, but asked that they be given the opportunity to pass through the Ovsi [Ossetians] in peace. Therefore, the king was forced to go to Ossetia. Having given the order, he immediately set out, taking with him George of Chkondidi, his mtsignobartukhutsesi, a man possessing all spiritual and physical perfections, full of wisdom and understanding, judicious, fortunate and provident. Brought up with patrons, he himself was the patron's tutor and his companion in all his affairs, labors and one who paved all his paths together with him.


Materials:

Kartlis Tskhovreba. "ARTANUDJI" Tbilisi 2008. Life of the King of Kings David, p. 189, 25
Moscow Journal. Cumans. Yu.V. Sukharev. 2006
მეტრეველი როინ, დავით მეოთხე აღმაშენებელი. Roin Metreveli, David the Fourth the Builder.

Demetrius I (1125–1156). In 1125, after the death of David the Builder, the royal throne was occupied by his eldest son Demetrius I. Feleki Shirvani, in his "Ode on the Death of Demetrius I," says of him: "Shahinshah of Abkhazia and Shaki." He inherited from his father a powerful state stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian. Although a unified state of the Turkic Seljuks no longer existed, several Muslim possessions formed along the southern borders of Georgia. King Demetrius refrained from active policy and sought to preserve Georgia within the borders he had inherited from his father. Nevertheless, he had to make certain concessions and return Ani and Shirvan to their former rulers, but with the condition of their vassal dependence on Georgia.
The situation also became complicated within the country. In 1130, the younger brother of King Demetrius organized a conspiracy against him, for which he was severely punished – blinded.

The Muslim rulers could not come to terms with the strengthening of Georgia. The Ganja emir, who was in vassal dependence on Georgia, embarked on a path of disobedience to Georgia. In 1138, Ganja was taken by the Georgians. As a sign of victory, the king removed the city gates and donated them to the Gelati Monastery.

King Demetrius had two sons: the elder David and the younger George. According to the law of succession, the royal throne belonged to David, but for reasons unknown to us, King Demetrius himself preferred his younger son George. Fearing that after his father's death George might indeed take the throne, David repeatedly attempted to overthrow his father.

In 1155, he achieved his goal: Demetrius abdicated and took monastic vows. David V immediately occupied the royal throne and began to govern the country energetically. However, he only managed to appoint his supporters to high positions, as six months after his accession he died. After the death of David V, Demetrius I again took the throne, and he also unexpectedly died in 1156. He was buried in the Gelati Monastery.

Материалы:

Все правители Абхазии

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Культура и идеология раннесредневековой Абхазии (V—Х вв.). Амичба 1999
"История Абхазии в датах". Т.А. Ачугба 2011
Объезд Эвксинского Понта. Флавий Арриан
Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder 77–79. Latin-English 1969
Известия древних писателей греческих и латинских о Скифии и Кавказе. Латышев 1947
Константин Багрянородный. Об управлении империей: Текст, перевод, комментарий. Литаврин 1991