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Göbekli Tepe, also known as the "Navel Hill" or "Navel Mountain," is a temple complex located on the Armenian Highlands, 15 kilometers northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa, 2.5 kilometers from the village of Örencik in southeastern Turkey. It is the oldest of the largest megalithic structures in the world. Its age is at least 12,000 years, tentatively dated to at least the 9th millennium BC, according to geomagnetic studies conducted in 2003. It consists of circular structures (concentric circles), the number of which reaches up to 20. The surface of some columns is covered with reliefs. The complex was deliberately filled with sand in the 8th millennium BC. For a long time (9.5 thousand years), it was hidden under the Göbekli Tepe hill, about 15 meters high and about 300 meters in diameter. Archaeological finds at Göbekli Tepe and Nevalı Çori have revolutionized ideas about the early Neolithic of the Middle East and Eurasia as a whole. Today, the temples of Göbekli Tepe represent the oldest religious structures. Their construction began in the Mesolithic and continued for several thousand years.


The greatest diversity of mutation types of a haplogroup is considered the most likely place of its primary origin. For haplogroup G, it has been established that this is Tell Halula Syria 36.416667°N 38.166667°E. And the famous temple complex "Göbekli Tepe" is located a few kilometers from Tell Halula - Göbekli Tepe, Örencik, Türkiye, 36°25'00.0"N 38°10'00.0"E

The time and place of origin of haplogroup G and the "Göbekli Tepe" complex almost coincide. Also, a connection with Hattian rituals and construction instructions is very possible.


Materials:

Göbekli Tepe – the Stone Age Sanctuaries. Schmidt 2010
Göbekli Tepe: Who Built It, When, and Why? Collins 2014

J2 spreads into Anatolia, the South Caucasus and Iran.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

An archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic that existed in the Caucasus, mainly in the Kvirila River valley. Characterized by the almost complete absence of bifacially worked tools. A transition from Mousterian-type tools to microliths is observed. Some similarity with the inventory of the Zarzian and Baradostian cultures is noted. Economy of mixed type.

J-SK1314 (J-Y12378) split from J-SK1313 9,700 BC, MRCA 8,050 BC > J-FTA28008 split from J-BY175871 500 BC, MRCA 400 BC 1858—1933. Daut Arshba (Ҷыхә-иԥацәа), Atishadu, Abkhazia > Arshba

North Ossetia 13%, Abkhazia 5%, Adygea 3%, Georgia 3%, Kabardino-Balkaria 1%, Karachay-Cherkessia 1%, Chechnya 1%

Studies of the Greenland ice sheet have revealed a sharp warming of approximately 15 degrees Celsius about 11,600 years ago, followed by massive glacial melting. This time period with sharp climatic change is traced in paleo finds around the world. Most likely, it is this period that many religions and legends describe as the "Great Flood." More details.

The beginning of the New Stone Age. One of the key events in human history — the Neolithic Revolution: the transition to agriculture, a sharp increase in population in agricultural regions. In the 7th millennium BC, agriculture spread from Asia Minor to the Balkan Peninsula. The world population remained stable at about 5 million people, with human habitats scattered around the globe in small tribes of hunters and gatherers. Agriculture in the Middle East, domestication of cattle, widespread use of pottery, including in Europe and South Asia. First metal (gold and copper) ornaments.


Materials:

The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Bellwood 2004

Today's science links the spread of agriculture primarily with the migration of haplogroup G2a — the main one for Abkhazians and the entire Western Caucasus — and to a lesser extent with haplogroup J2a. The origin of these haplogroups is considered common. More details.

Materials:

Sources in the "Library" section
FTDNA Caucasian Project
FTDNA Adygian Project
FTDNA Georgian Project
FTDNA Ossetian Project
Gene pools of Abkhaz-Adyghe peoples, Georgians and Armenians. Teuchezh 2013
What DNA genealogy says about Caucasians. Klyosov 2013
Genetic diversity of the Caucasus population. Dibirova 2007
Origin of haplogroup G2a1a among Ossetians. Sabitov 2011
Litvinov 2010. Study of the genetic structure of the Western Caucasus
Balanovsky 2012. Variability of the gene pool in space and time
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Litvinov 2007
Data on Y-DNA haplogroups of the Western Caucasus. Balanovsky 2012
Balanovsky 2011. Evolution of North Caucasus Languages
Balanovsky 2011. Genetic reconstruction of the evolution of North Caucasus
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Data
Balanovsky 2011. Supplementary Table
Genetics of Abkhazians and the Western Caucasus

Presumed place of origin: Caucasus or Levant

Among Abkhazians, it constitutes 21%.

More about haplogroup G2a2b2a (P303)

An archaeological culture of the Final Paleolithic (9th–8th millennium BC) in Central and Eastern Europe. The core of the Swiderian culture is considered to be the territory of Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. However, its elements are traced in adjacent territories of Russia (Pskov Oblast) and Ukraine up to the Crimea. Named after the site of Świdry Wielkie near Warsaw (Polish: Świdry Wielkie). It is represented by sites of tundra reindeer hunters who used arrows with flint tips.

In the west, it was connected with the Lyngby culture. The Butovo, Kunda and Neman cultures formed on the basis of the Swiderian culture. The disappearance of the Swiderian culture is associated with climatic changes at the beginning of the Holocene. It is assumed that the bearers of the Swiderian culture had haplogroup I and constituted the so-called pre-Germanic substrate.

On these territories, a concentration of Mesolithic cultures formed. According to E. G. Kalechits, this is explained both by the periglacial zone which the reindeer followed, and by the availability of raw materials for tool and weapon production on the territory of the Belarusian Dnieper region, which is exceptionally rich in easily accessible flint deposits.

› North Caucasian-Basque and Yeniseian-Burushaski
› 9000 BC. Yeniseian-Burushaski-Hattian
› 9000 BC. North Caucasian-Basque

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