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After the defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in 965 by the Kievan prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, Tmutarakan arose on the site of Tamatarkha, which became the political center of the Tmutarakan principality created there, a major trading city with a good harbor. Through Tmutarakan, political and economic ties were maintained between the Russian principalities, the peoples of the North Caucasus and Byzantium. Kasogs, Greeks, Alans, Rus' and Armenians lived in Tmutarakan.

N.Ya. Marr draws attention to the important circumstance that Armenian sources of the 10th century often place Russia next to Abkhazia, and depict the kings of Russia and Abkhazia in identical clothes [Bartold V.V. Review of the works of N.Ya. Marr on the study of the antiquities of Ani]. The armament of the 10th-century Rus' has much in common with the Circassian weaponry complex. The hairstyle coincides, as many authors wrote about. Like the Circassian women, the women of the Rus' wore corsets. The architecture of the dwelling of the Rus' is West Caucasian [Lavrov L.I. The Adyghe in the early Middle Ages]. The Rus' had banners with tufts, which are exclusively characteristic of the Abkhaz-Adyghe. The funeral rite of the Rus' is exactly the one that the Circassians and Abkhazians had [Vernadsky G.V. "Ancient Rus'"]. The cult of the horse coincides in detail. Like the Abkhaz-Adyghe, the Rus' practiced fosterage – a system of adoptive kinship [Kosven M.O. "Ethnography and history of the Caucasus"]. The Old Russian language contained clear Adygisms – social terms borrowed from the Adyghe language – unein and tiun [Orlov A.S. "Vladimir Monomakh"]. The Rus' in Crimea and on Khortytsia had a cult of sacred trees, borrowed by them, according to Vernadsky, from the Circassians and Abas-zhan [Vernadsky G.V. Ancient Rus'].


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

Al-Masudi used the ethnonym Kashag (Kashek, Kashak) to designate a group of West Caucasian tribes. The Greek-Byzantine ethnonym "Zikh" was apparently unfamiliar to him. The Russian and Khazar sources do not know the Zikhs either [with the exception of the "Cambridge Anonymous," which is not trustworthy]. Thus, for the Arabs, Persians, Khazars and Russians, the "Zikhs" were "Kasogs" [Kashag, Kasakh, Kasak, Kasa]. He also reports on the maritime trade of the Kashaks (Kasogs), who sailed on their ships to Trebizond [Minorsky V.F. History of Shirvan and Derbent in the 10th–11th centuries]. According to N.A. Khachmakhov, the Kasogs, like the Rus' and Vikings, burned their fallen leaders on ships. It is very important to note that the largest operational base of the Rus' pirates was located in Zikhia on the Taman Peninsula [Deacon Leo "History"]. This automatically means that the pirate squadrons of the Rus' included the West Caucasian highlanders. They jointly plundered the coast of Byzantium, entered the Mediterranean Sea and plundered the coasts of Andalusia and Catalonia.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

The Kasogs appear — an ethnonym (of the Adyghe) often found in Russian, Georgian, Arabic, Byzantine and other historical and geographical sources of the Middle Ages. More details.

George I was born in 998, or, according to a later version of the Georgian chronicles, in 1002. After the death of his father Bagrat III, he inherited the kingdoms of Abkhazia, Kartli and Kakheti. He spent most of his reign at war with the Byzantine Empire.

Georgian-Abkhazian king, who during his reign attempted to unite the lands, free the country from the Seljuk yoke and reduce the influence of local feudal lords, which was later achieved by his grandson — David the Builder. He repeatedly besieged Tbilisi, which was under the rule of the Banu-Jaffar, the ruler of the Tbilisi Emirate, but was unable to finally establish himself there and retain it.

Materials:

All rulers of Abkhazia

Abkhazian Kingdom. 786 CE
Anthroponymic repertoire of the "Divan of the Abkhazian kings". G. A. Amichba
Chronicle of the Abkhazian kings. F. Jordania 1902
Bgazhba O. Kh., Lakoba S. Z. History of Abkhazia from ancient times to the present day. 2007
Culture and ideology of early medieval Abkhazia (5th–10th centuries). Amichba 1999
"History of Abkhazia in dates". T. A. Achugba 2011
Circumnavigation of the Euxine Sea. Flavius Arrian
Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder 77–79. Latin-English 1969
Reports of ancient Greek and Latin writers about Scythia and the Caucasus. Latyshev 1947
Constantine Porphyrogenitus. On the Administration of the Empire: Text, translation, commentary. Litavrin 1991