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Migrations of J2 and G2a to Italy during the Roman Empire from Anatolia, Thrace and Greece. Further spread of J2 and G2a with Rome, and especially J2, whose current borders exactly coincide with the borders of the Roman Empire.


Sources:

Maciamo Hay

Pliny the Elder (23 or 24 AD — 79 AD)

Natural History

11. (Beyond the Thermodon River live) the tribes of the Coeni, Chalybes, lies the city of Cotyora, further the Tibareni, Massyli 28 with tattooed bodies, the tribe of the Macrocephali, the city of Cerasus, the port of Cordula 29, the tribes of the Bechiri, Buxeri, the Black River 30, the tribes of the Machorones and Sidones, the River Siden 31, which washes the city of Polemonium, 120,000 paces from Amisus. Then the rivers Iasonius 32, Melanthius 33 and 80,000 paces from Amisus the city of Pharnacia, a fortress and the River Tripolis 34, also Philocalia 35, the fortress of Libyopolis 36 near the river, then 100,000 paces from Pharnacia the free city of Trapezus 37, surrounded by huge mountains 38.

12. Beyond them lives the tribe of the Armenochalybes 39 and lies Greater Armenia at a distance of 30,000 paces. Before reaching Trapezus on the coast is the River Pixites, and beyond it the tribe of the Sanni-Heniochi 40. 140,000 paces from Trapezus is the River Absarrus with a fortress of the same name at its mouth. In this area behind the mountains lies Iberia, on the coast live the Heniochi, Ampreutae, Lazi 41, flow the rivers Acampseon, Isis, Mogrus, Batis (Deep) 42, then the tribes of the Colchians, the city of Matium, the River Heracleum with a cape of the same name 43 and the most famous of the Pontic rivers, the Phasis.

13. It originates in the territory of the Moschi 44, is navigable for the largest ships for 38,500 paces, then for a great distance for smaller ships; 120 bridges are built to cross it. On its banks lay several cities, of which the most famous are Tyndarida, Circeis, Cygnus and at the mouth Phasis; but the greatest fame was enjoyed by Aea 45, 15,000 paces from the sea at the place where large rivers Hippus and Cyaneus flow into the Phasis from different sides. Now only Surium exists, named after the river that flows into the Phasis at the point to which, as we said, it is navigable for large ships; it receives other rivers, remarkable for their size and number, among them Glaucus 46, at whose mouth are nameless islands. It is 70,000 paces from Absarrus.

14. Then another river Charis, the people of the Saltae, called by the ancients Phtheirophagi (lice-eaters) 47 and another people — the Sanni; through the territory of the Suani 48 from the Caucasus flows the River Chob. Further the Roan 49, the region of Cegritica 50, the rivers: Siganis, Ters, Astelph, Chrysorrhoas, the tribe of the Absilae, the fortress of Sebastopolis 51, 100,000 paces from the Phasis, the tribe of the Sanici, the city of Cygnus, the river and city of Penius, finally, the tribes of the Heniochi, distinguished by many names 52.

15. Adjacent to them is the Pontic region of Colica 53, in which the Caucasus range, as said, turns toward the Riphean mountains, descending at one end to the Euxine and Maeotis, and at the other to the Caspian and Hyrcanian seas. The remaining coasts are occupied by wild tribes: the Melanchlaeni and Coraxi with the Colchian city of Dioscurias on the River Anthemus; now it is in ruins 54, but was once so famous that, according to Timosthenes 55, 300 tribes speaking different languages gathered there. And afterwards our (Romans) conducted their business there through the mediation of 130 interpreters.

16. According to some, this city was founded by the charioteers of Castor and Pollux, Amphitus and Telchius 56, from whom, according to reports almost entirely reliable, the tribe of the Heniochi derives its origin. From Dioscurias the next city is Heracleum. It is 70,000 paces from Sebastopolis. Here live the Achaei, Mardi 57, Kerkets, behind them the Serri 58, Cephalotomi 59. Within this area, the richest city of Pityus was plundered by the Heniochi. Behind it in the Caucasus Mountains live the Sarmatian people of the Epagerritae 60, and behind them — the Sauromatians. (...)

17. To them fled Mithridates 61 during the principate of Claudius and told that their neighbors are the Tali, who in the east reach the mouths of the Caspian Sea, which dry up during the ebb tide. And on the coast near the Kerkets is the River Icaraca with the city of Hierus and a river 63, 136 miles from Heracleum, then Cape Cruni 64, beyond which the Toretae occupy a steep height, the Sindian state at a distance of 67.5 miles from Hierus and the River Seherius 65. From there to the entrance of the Cimmerian Bosporus 88.5 miles.

[20. The Scythians call the Tanais itself Sinus 70, and Lake Maeotis Temarunda, which in their language means "mother of the sea." There is a city at the mouth of the Tanais as well. Its environs were first ruled by the Carians, then the Clazomenians and Maeonians, then the Panticapaeans. Some place around Lake Maeotis up to the Ce-raunian Mountains the following tribes: on the coast live the Naprae 71, above them on the mountain peaks the Essedones 70, whose territories extend to the Colchians. 21. Then the Camaci, Orani, Autaci, Mazamaci, Cantio-captae, Agamati, Pici, Rimosoli, Acascomarci, and at the Caucasus Range the Icatali, Imadochi, Rami, Andaci, Tidii, Caratasei, Autiandi. From the Cataean Mountains flows the River Lagus, into which the Opharus falls; here live the tribes of the Cavtadae and Opharitae; the rivers Menotarus and Imitius flow from the Cissian Mountains, through the lands of the Agdei, Carni, Oschardeis, Accisi, Gabri, Gegari, and at the sources of the Imitius live the Imitii and Apartei. 22. According to other authors, the Scythian tribes of the Avchetai, Aternaei, Asampatae invaded here and exterminated the Tanaitae and Inapei to the last man. Finally, according to some reports, the River Ocharis flows through the lands of the Cantici and Sapei 73. The Tanais was crossed 74 by the Satarchei, Gertichei, Spondolici, Singietae, Anasi, Issi, Catteeti, Tagori, Caroni, Neripi, Agandei, Meandarei, Satarchei-Spalei. It receives the River Usis 76 and itself, according to most writers, sends its waters through the bed of the Cyrus into the Caspian Sea (...) 28 (...) Adiabene is surrounded by the Tigris and impassable mountains. To the left of it lies the country of the Medes in view of the Caspian Sea. It, as we will say in its place, flows in from the Ocean and is completely surrounded by the Caucasus Mountains. Now will be listed the inhabitants of the regions bordering Armenia. The whole plain from the River Cyrus is inhabited by the tribe of the Alsgani, and then the Iberians, who are separated from the former by the River Ocazan 77, flowing from the Caucasus Mountains into the River Cyrus. The main cities are in Albania — Cabalaca 78, and in Iberia — Hermastus 79 near the River Neoris 80. Further lie the Tasiian 81 and Triarian 82 regions up to the Parygredrian mountains 83. Beyond them lie the Colchian deserts; on the side facing the Ceraunian Mountains live the Armenochalybes and the lands of the Moschi up to the River Iberus 84, which flows into the Cyrus, and below — the Sacasani and then the Macerones up to the River Absarrus. Thus are inhabited the plains or mountain slopes. On the other side, starting from the borders of Albania, along the entire brow of the mountains live the wild tribes of the Silvae, and below them the Lupenii 85, then the Diduri 86 and Sodi 87. 32. 30. Behind them are the Caucasian Gates, very erroneously called Caspian by many, a huge creation of nature, formed by a sudden rupture of the mountains 88, the passage itself is fenced with iron-shod logs; under them in the middle flows a fetid river 89, and on this side of the gates on a rock lies a fortress by the name of Cumania 90, built to prevent the passage of countless tribes. Thus, in this place, just opposite the Iberian city of Hermastus, the parts of the world are divided by gates. From the Caucasian Gates in the Gurdiian mountains 91 live the Valii and Suavi, tribes unfamiliar with culture, yet able to extract gold in mines. From them to the Pontus itself live the Heniochian and then the Achaean tribes. Such appears one of the most famous corners of the universe.

(XXXIII, 52, 55, 56)

52. (...) In Colchis reigned a descendant of Aeetes, Saulaces 125, who, having received an untouched land, obtained, they say, a huge amount of gold and silver in the land of the tribe of the Suani and generally in his state, famous for its gold mines. But they also tell of his golden palaces, with silver rafters, of columns and pilasters of the same metal, which he took possession of after the defeat of Sesostris, king of Egypt (...).

Notes

28 Coeni — not precisely known, Tibareni — a tribe on the southern coast of the Black Sea, Massyli (Mossynoeci) — a West Caucasian tribe, Macrocephali (long-headed) — possibly identical to the Macrones.

29 Modern Atina (east of Trapezus).

30 Cannot be precisely localized. The name, like the name of the tribe of the Machorones (Machelones), possibly derived from the name of the Melanchlaeni, whom the Ionian geographers placed in the Caucasus.

31 Modern Poleman-Chai River.

32 In other authors — Cape Iasonium (modern Yasun-burnu).

33 Modern Melet-Irmak.

34 Identified with the modern village of Tireboli on the Tireboli River.

35 Identified with the modern village of Elegu on the river of the same name. 35 No precise localization.

37 Became a free city in the 70s of the 1st century AD.

38 Mount Scydises, connecting with the Moschian Mountains (Lesser Caucasus).

39 The tribe of the Chalybes in Cappadocia appears under this name only in Pliny.

40 Sanni — in other authors identified with the Macrones, separated from the related tribe of the Heniochi by the territory of the Colchians.

41 The earliest mention of this tribe, probably belonging to the tribe of the Kerkets, from which they separated, having migrated from the region of Old Lazica in the era of the Mithridatic Wars.

42 The enumeration of rivers is given from west to east, but they cannot be precisely localized.

43 Not mentioned by other authors. Possibly located between modern Pitsunda and Novorossiysk.

44 The report on the sources of the Phasis (Rioni) in Armenia in the Moschian Mountains is based on the fact that the bed of its tributary Kvirila was taken for the upper course of the Rioni.

45 The names of the cities are mythological in nature and were probably borrowed from some ancient Greek periplus. They may be correlated with some points in Colchis known later under other names.

46 The Suri River — the upper course of the Rioni, the Glaucus River — modern Kvirila.

47 The name is also interpreted as "cone-eaters."

48 Identified with the later Svans.

49 Modern Churia River.

50 Region of inner Colchis.

51 Renamed thus under Augustus from Dioscurias.

52 The repetition of the same names in the description of Colchis is explained by the fact that Pliny combines diverse and temporally different sources, leading the reader in different directions: from north to south and vice versa.

53 Northeastern part of the Colchian Lowland.

54 If the desolation dates to the time of Pliny, it could not have lasted long, as later sources show.

55 Alexandrian geographer of the 3rd century BC.

56 Cf. Strabo (XI, 2, 12).

57 A tribe under this name is placed by authors in different places in Western Asia.

58 Localized on the Black Sea coast in the Novorossiysk area.

59 Literally "head-cutters." This name was probably applied as an epithet to one of the tribes of the eastern coast of the Black Sea.

60 Localized in the upper reaches of the Kuban. May be compared with the later Circassian clan name Egoruko.

61 Claudius — Roman emperor (41–54 AD), Mithridates VIII — Bosporan king (40–44 AD; died in 68 AD). He was captured in 48 AD and lived in Rome for 20 years, where Pliny possibly personally spoke with him.

62 Some river near Anapa. Pliny's source leads the reader from east to west.

63 Modern Tsemes River and the Novorossiysk area.

64 Cape Sudzhuk.

65 A river near the modern Kuban River.

70 Another reading: Sills.

71 Probably one of the ancient tribal names of North Caucasian Scythia.

72 Essedones of other authors (e.g., Herodotus, IV, 25).

73 Pliny enumerates tribes localized in the Northern and Northeastern Caucasus. Ocharis is presumably identified with the modern Yegorlyk or Manych rivers. Other rivers are not localized.

74 Pliny notes the crossing of part of the Sarmatian tribes from the eastern bank of the Don to the western, to the western shores of Maeotis and to the Crimea.

75 The spurs of the Caucasus above the coast of Colchis, from which the Corax River (modern Kodori) originates. The Kura (Cyrus) originates on the Ardagan-Kars plateau, i.e., in the mountains that should be called not Heniochian or Coraxian, but Moschian or Armenian.

77 Modern Alazani River.

78 Possibly the later Kabala in Shirvan (near modern Nij).

79 Localized north of Tbilisi at the site of the medieval capital of the Georgian kings, Mtskheta.

80 Not localized, not mentioned by other authors.

81 In the upper reaches of the Phasis (Rioni).

82 Cannot be localized, not found in other authors.

83 Spurs of Taurus in the northeastern part of Asia Minor.

84 One of the upper tributaries of the Kura.

85 One of the major tribes of Dagestan.

86 Lived between the Caucasian and Ceraunian Mountains (i.e., in the North Caucasus), may be correlated with the later Lezgin Dido of Georgian sources.

87 Localized between the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea or the mouths of the Kura and Alazani.

88 Darial Gorge. The Terek.

90 Not mentioned by other authors.

91 Part of the Greater Caucasus Range, the western slopes of which Pliny calls Heniochian.

125 About the semi-legendary Colchian king, a descendant of Aeetes and victor over Sesostris (Ramesses II), nothing is known from other sources. His name may be compared with the name of the leader of the rebel Scythians and slaves and then the Bosporan king Saumacus. COPY

Materials:

Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder 77–79. Latin-English 1969

Josephus Flavius (1st century AD) "The Jewish War"

II, 16, 4. Why speak of the Heniochi and Colchians, of the tribe of the Tauri, the Bosporans and the peoples living around Pontus and Maeotis, who previously did not even recognize their own ruler, but now are kept in subjection by three thousand hoplites, and forty warships maintain peace on the previously unnavigable and harsh sea.


Materials:

The Jewish War. Josephus Flavius

Plutarch (c. 46 — between 120-130 AD) "Pompey"

XXXIV. When the king of the Albanians through envoys asked for mercy, Pompey forgave him and, having made peace, marched against the Iberians. The latter were not inferior in number to the Albanians, but were much more warlike; they burned with the desire to show their loyalty to Mithridates and to drive out Pompey. The Iberians were subject to neither the Indians nor the Persians; they even managed to escape the power of the Macedonians, since Alexander had to retreat too quickly from Hyrcania. However, Pompey defeated them too in a great battle, killing nine thousand and taking more than ten thousand men prisoner. After this he invaded Colchis. Here on the Phasis River he was met by Servilius at the head of the fleet, which guarded the Euxine Pontus.



Materials:

Plutarch "Pompey"

The appearance of the Turkic-speaking Avar tribes in the North Caucasian steppes, the conclusion of an alliance with the Alans and the subjugation of the Bulgars. The Avars and Bulgars ravage the lands of the Antes, head to Central Europe and create the "Avar Khaganate" there. A historian of the second half of the 6th century mentions an envoy of the Antes to the Avars – "Mezamir, son of Idarizius, brother of Kelagastus." The name Kelagast ["Kale" – Turkic "City," "gashte" – Adyghe "to frighten, frightening"] is of the same type in word formation as the names Ardagast, Piragost, Dabragast. These names are most likely more proto-Adyghe than Proto-Slavic.


Materials:

History of Adygea. Gubzhokov 2009

Tacitus (c. 57–58 AD — after 117 AD) "Annals"

34. For the Iberians and Albanians, living in wooded mountains, are accustomed to harsh conditions of existence and are therefore much more enduring than the Parthians; they claim to descend from the Thessalians, tracing their origin to the time when Jason, after he carried off Medea and had children by her, returned to the empty palace of Aeetes and to the Colchians who were left without a ruler. They honor much connected with his memory, as well as the sanctuary of Phrixus; and none of them will sacrifice a ram, for they believe that Phrixus was brought to them by a ram, whether it was a living creature or a badge of a ship.


Materials:

Annals. Minor Works. Publius Cornelius Tacitus

Roman garrisons finally fortified themselves in Pitiunt and Dioscurias. Pitiunt entered the system of fortresses built by the Romans on the coast — it was called the Pontic Limes (border on the Black Sea).


Materials:

"History of Abkhazia in Dates." T.A. Achugba 2011